New model simulates the temperature rise of laser-heated skin

Laser treatment is now commonplace across various fields of medicine including dermatology, where it is commonly used to remove scars, wrinkles, and freckles. The technology, however, has a major downside: despite continued improvements, medical accidents related to laser treatment has been on the rise, with studies revealing excessively high laser energy as the major cause of such accidents.

Assistant Professor Takahiro Kono from Shibaura Institute of Technology (SIT), Japan, whose research is focused on the mechanism of heat transfer involved in the interaction of laser light with biological tissue explains, “The difficulty lies in adjusting the laser conditions for each patient according to their skin color.” According to Dr. Kono, it is necessary to take into account the effect of melanosomes–light-absorbing pigments that color our skin–scattered throughout the skin tissue instead of simply considering the skin as a bulk heat absorber. “In pigmented skin, laser light is discretely absorbed by the melanosomes that subsequently act as point sources of heat. This would explain the link between treatment failure and pigmentation, as the degree of pigmentation determines the number and density of these point heat sources,” says Dr. Kono.

With this knowledge, Dr. Kono and his colleagues from SIT and Yamagata University, Japan, recently proposed, in a study published in the International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, a novel radiative heat transfer model incorporating point heat sources (modeling the interspersed melanosomes) and numerically investigated the rise in local temperature for different degrees of pigmentation.

In their study, Dr. Kono and his team considered a simplified skin model consisting of two layers, with a “pigmentation layer” containing many melanosomes, and a “normal layer” containing some melanosomes without any pigmentation (see figure). They assumed the heat absorbed by melanosomes to diffuse to the surrounding tissues via conduction and determined the radiative properties of the pigmented layer from the number density of melanosomes, using it to calculate the energy absorbed per melanosome during irradiation.

The team found that the distribution of the absorbed laser energy and the temperature rise of the skin tissue was indeed influenced by the degree of pigmentation, as anticipated. Specifically, an increasing volume fraction of melanosome (ratio of melanosome volume to the whole skin layer volume) resulted in a dramatic decrease in the distribution of absorbed energy per melanosome in the pigmentation layer but only slightly so in the normal layer. The team attributed this to the increase in melanosome number density for a high volume fraction that, in turn, caused a decrease in the absorbed energy per melanosome.

Further, for high volume fractions, the separation between the melanosomes was smaller, which did not allow for sufficient heat dissipation inside the skin tissue and, consequently, caused a gradual increase in the temperature between the melanosomes. In addition, the team found that skin layers deeper than the pigmentation layer showed a higher temperature compared to the pigmentation layer. Thus, the team concluded that a higher degree of pigmentation (darker skin) was more prone to suffering damage from laser irradiation.

While these findings provide some interesting insights, Dr. Kono is cautious in his optimism. “I believe that our work is necessary to simulate the laser treatment of skin tissue and thereby improve the safety of the procedure. However, as a next step, it is necessary to verify that our model is consistent with the actual laser heating phenomenon inside skin tissue,” he says.

Nevertheless, Dr. Kono’s study is a huge step towards creating better guidelines for laser treatments, which could lead to better flexibility and customization and, above all, safety.

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Title of original paper: A local rapid temperature rise model for analyzing the effects of irradiation on human skin in laser treatments

Journal: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121078

Shibaura Institute of Technology (SIT) is a private university with campuses in Tokyo and Saitama. Since the establishment of its predecessor, Tokyo Higher School of Industry and Commerce, in 1927, it has maintained “learning through practice” as its philosophy in the education of engineers. SIT was the only private science and engineering university selected for the Top Global University Project sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and will receive support from the ministry for 10 years starting from the 2014 academic year. Its motto, “Nurturing engineers who learn from society and contribute to society,” reflects its mission of fostering scientists and engineers who can contribute to the sustainable growth of the world by exposing their over 8,000 students to culturally diverse environments, where they learn to cope, collaborate, and relate with fellow students from around the world.

Website: https://www.shibaura-it.ac.jp/en/

Dr. Takahiro Kono is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan, where he received his doctoral degree in 2017. His research is focused on numerical modeling of radiative heat transfer in biological tissues. He has 15 papers to his publication and has won several awards for his work. Dr. Kono’s research can be found here: https://researchmap.jp/takahirokono

This study was funded by JSPS KAKENHI (grant numbers 18H01389 and 20K14670).