Scientists document two separate reservoirs of latent HIV in patients

CHAPEL HILL, NC – When people living with HIV take antiviral therapy (ART), their viral loads are driven so low that a standard blood test cannot detect the virus. However, once ART is stopped, detectable HIV re-emerges with new cells getting infected. This is called “rebound” virus, and the cells that release the virus to re-ignite the infection come from a small population of HIV-infected CD4+ T cells that had remained dormant in blood and lymph tissue while individuals were on ART.

It’s a problem called latency, and overcoming it remains a major goal for researchers trying to create curative therapies for HIV—the special focus of the UNC HIV Cure Center.

Now, scientists led by virologist Ron Swanstrom, PhD, Director of the UNC Center for AIDS Research and the Charles P. Postelle, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry & Biophysics at the UNC School of Medicine, describe another layer to the challenge of HIV latency and published their work in Nature Microbiology.

Swanstrom and colleagues, with collaborators at UCSF, Yale, the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, and others, provide indirect evidence for the existence of a distinct latent reservoir of CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system (CNS). They accomplished this by analyzing rebound virus in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) during the period when people had just stopped taking ART.

“Our analysis of rebound virus suggests latently infected T cells in the CNS are separate from the latent reservoir in the blood,” said Swanstrom, senior author of the study. “Our analysis allows us to infer the presence of a distinct pool of latently infected cells in the CNS waiting to reinitiate infection once ART is interrupted.”

The researchers compared the genetic sequences of rebound virus particles when ART was discontinued in 11 human participants. This approach allowed the scientists to assess the similarities between viral populations in the blood and CSF to determine whether they were part of a common latent reservoir. In many cases, the viral populations were not the same, which suggested they can represent different populations of latently infected cells.

The researchers also studied details of viral replication to determine if rebound virus had been selected for replication in CD4+ T cells – the primary home of the virus – or had evolved to replicate in central nervous system myeloid cells, such as macrophages and microglia. All rebound viruses tested were adapted to growth in T cells. For several participants, the researchers also compared viral populations in blood and CSF before ART initiation and after ART was stopped.

These experiments provide further evidence that HIV-infected CD4+ T cells can cross over from blood into the CNS, but also that some latently infected cells may be resident in the CNS during therapy. Any curative therapy would need to activate this dormant reservoir, as well as the latent reservoir in the blood and lymph tissue.

Along with Swanstrom, this research was led by Laura Kincer, research technician in the Swanstrom lab and first author of the Nature Microbiology paper, and Sarah Beth Joseph, PhD, assistant professor in the UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology and an author on the paper. Swanstrom is a member of the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and the UNC Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases.

Other authors are Maria M. Gilleece, Sabrina Sizemore, and Shuntai Zhou from UNC Chapel Hill; Blake M. Hauser from Harvard; Clara Di Germanio, Steven G. Deeks, and Richard W. Price from UC San Francisco; Henrik Zetterberg and Magnus Gisslen from the University of Gothenburg in Sweden; Dietmar Fuchs from Innsbruck Medical University in Austria; and Serena Spudich from Yale University.

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01 NS094067), the UNC Center For AIDS Research (NIH award P30 AI050410), the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (NIH award P30 CA16068), the Swedish state under an agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils (ALF agreement ALFGBG-717531), the Swedish Research Council (#2018-02532), the European Research Council (#681712), and the Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-720931). This work was made possible in part by the UNC High Throughput Sequencing Facility, which assisted in generating the sequence data.