Persistent poverty affects one in five children in the UK, and is associated with poor physical and mental health in early adolescence, suggests research published online in the Archives of Disease in Childhood.
Child poverty is rising in the UK. In 2016-17, 30% (4.1 million) children were reported to be living in poverty, up from 27% in 2010-11, and the proportion is projected to rise further over the next five years. By 2023-24, the proportion of children living in relative poverty is on course to hit 37%, affecting an extra 1.1 million children.
Persistent poverty is associated with poorer mental, social, and behavioural development in children, as well as worse educational outcomes, employment prospects, and earning power into adulthood.
What’s less clear is whether specific patterns of exposure to poverty have different effects on adolescent physical and mental health.
To explore this further, a team of UK researchers from the University of Liverpool and University College London analysed data on 10,652 children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, a large nationally representative sample of babies born between 2000 and 2002 who have been tracked throughout childhood.
Poverty (defined as less than 60% of average household income) was measured at 9 months, and at 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14 years of age.
Mental health was measured using a recognised questionnaire; physical health was measured by obesity (BMI); and parents were asked to report any longstanding illness when their child was 14.
Almost one in five (19.4%) children experienced persistent poverty across all time points, whereas more than 60% (62.4%) of children never did. A further 13.4% of children experienced poverty in early childhood (between 9 months and 7 years), while the remaining 5% experienced it in late childhood (11 to 14 years).
After adjusting for mother’s education and ethnicity, the researchers found that compared with children who never experienced poverty, any period of poverty was associated with worse physical and mental health in early adolescence.
In particular, those in persistent poverty had a 3 times higher risk of mental ill health, a 1.5 times greater risk of obesity, and nearly double the risk of longstanding illness than children who had never been poor.
Poverty in early childhood was also associated with a higher risk of obesity in adolescence than in late childhood, while mental ill health and longstanding illness were more strongly associated with poverty in late childhood.
Although this is an observational study, and it is challenging to establish causality, other evidence suggests that poverty does indeed have a causal effect, leading to many aspects of poor child health. What’s more, some measures were based on parents’ self-report, so may not have been completely accurate, while missing data may also have affected the results, say the researchers.
But they point out that this is a large, nationally representative study, rich in data on family characteristics, added to which the findings are consistent with those of other similar studies.
They warn that the impact of rising levels of poverty on children’s mental health “is likely to have profound implications for social policies and their associated social costs, given mental health tracks from early life to adulthood.”
And they call for “a renewed commitment” by the UK government to prioritise ending child poverty. Health professionals “are well-placed to argue that policies and services in the UK should fulfil our moral and legal responsibility to ensure that every child is able to achieve their full potential,” they suggest.
Professor David Taylor-Robinson, University of Liverpool’s Department of Public Health and Policy, said: “As a child health doctor, it is baffling to me that we let an exposure as toxic as child poverty wash over such a large proportion of the children in this country. Our analysis shows that urgent action is needed to reduce child poverty if we want to secure healthy futures for kids in the UK.”
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The full study, entitled ‘Poverty dynamics and health in late childhood in the UK: evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study’, can be found here
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