Origami-inspired antenna technology for use in small satellites

Modern telecommunication systems rely on satellites to relay signals across the globe quickly and reliably, enabling users to send messages across the world in an instant, watch live television, or – more recently – hold conference calls with global partners right from the kitchen table!

Communications satellites use high-frequency radio waves to transmit data, with antennas acting as a two-way interface, converting electric current provided by the transmitter into radio waves, and vice versa when paired with a receiver. Antennas are therefore vital pieces of equipment, without which satellites and ground receivers would be practically useless. However, despite advances in modern satellite design and performance, antenna technology remains a limiting factor for next-generation telecommunications such as 6G. Engineers struggle to miniaturize antennas for nanosatellites without compromising on their cost or performance. For instance, nanosatellites like CubeSats can be as small as a 10 cm3 cube, but manufacturing a communication antenna small enough to be stored inside it during launch and flight is expensive and technologically challenging. “Many high-performance antennas reported for CubeSat systems are deployable, foldable, or inflatable.” explains Dr. Sangkil Kim from Pusan National University in South Korea.

Recently, Dr. Kim and his colleagues at Pusan National University and the University of Alabama, USA, developed a new deployable antenna for CubeSats used in low-earth orbit (LEO). Interestingly, their design was inspired by the mathematics of “origami”, the Japanese art of paper folding–specifically a field called spatial mapping–which enabled them to decide on the best geometry for a foldable, deployable antenna. With the design on paper, they set out to manufacture the antenna and test it.

With remarkable dimensions of 32.5 mm3 when folded and weighing merely 5 grams, the prototype antenna fits snugly within a CubeSat. The researchers used an inexpensive material to make the bulk of the antenna, using special joints to fold the square boards into a cube, which can easily be stored during launch and flight. Once in orbit, the antenna can be deployed outside of the CubeSat, ready to receive and transmit data.

Prof. Kim and his team went one step further and set up different deployment modes, depending on whether satellites needed to communicate with each other or with Earth. “The volume, radiation patterns, and polarizations of the antenna are reconfigurable according to the required operation mode,” Dr. Kim explains. This configuration enabled the researchers to optimize the antenna’s performance for each type of communication.

With such promising results, the scientists hope their design will inspire future deployable designs for nanosatellite antenna technology and pave the way for next-generation communication systems, such as 6G. Not only will their prototype reduce the cost of future nanosatellites and improve their overall performance, but it can also be scaled up to larger satellites in geostationary orbit and other communication platforms on Earth.

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Reference

Authors: Myeongha Hwang (1), Gyoungdeuk Kim (1), Sangkil Kim (1), Nathan Seongheon Jeong (2)

Title of original paper: Origami-Inspired Radiation Pattern and Shape Reconfigurable Dipole Array Antenna at C-band for CubeSat Applications

Journal: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2020.3030908

Affiliations:

(1) Pusan National University, South Korea

(2) University of Alabama, USA

About Pusan National University

Pusan National University, located in Busan, South Korea, was founded in 1946, and is now the no. 1 national university of South Korea in research and educational competency. The multi-campus university also has other smaller campuses in Yangsan, Miryang, and Ami. The university prides itself on the principles of truth, freedom, and service, and has approximately 30,000 students, 1200 professors, and 750 faculty members. The university is composed of 14 colleges (schools) and one independent division, with 103 departments in all.

Website: https://www.pusan.ac.kr/eng/Main.do

About the author

Dr Sangkil Kim is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Electronic Engineering at Pusan National University (South Korea). After receiving a BS from Yonsei University in 2010, he graduated with an MS and a PhD from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He then worked at Qualcomm Inc. as a senior engineer, where he worked on the world’s first commercialized 5G mmWave antenna module for mobile devices. He received several awards, such as the IET Premium Award Microwave, Antennas & Propagation and the KIEES Young Researcher Award. He is a member of the IEEE MTT-26 RFID, Wireless Sensors, and IoT Committees.