Decades of hunting detects footprint of cosmic ray superaccelerators in our galaxy

An enormous telescope complex in Tibet has captured the first evidence of ultrahigh-energy gamma rays spread across the Milky Way. The findings offer proof that undetected starry accelerators churn out cosmic rays, which have floated around our galaxy for millions of years. The research is to be published in the journal Physical Review Letters on Monday, April 5.

“We found 23 ultrahigh-energy cosmic gamma rays along the Milky Way,” said Kazumasa Kawata, a coauthor from the University of Tokyo. “The highest energy among them amounts to a world record: nearly one petaelectron volt.”

That’s three orders of magnitude greater than any known cosmic-ray-induced gamma ray–or any particle humans have accelerated in state-of-the-art laboratories on Earth.

Since 1990, dozens of researchers from China and Japan have hunted for the elusive high-energy cosmic gamma rays. The Tibet ASγ Collaboration made its discovery using nearly 70,000 square meters of ground arrays and underground muon detectors on the Tibetan Plateau, sitting more than 14,000 feet above sea level.

“Scientists believe high energy gamma rays can be produced by the nuclear interaction between high energy cosmic rays escaping from the most powerful galactic sources and interstellar gas in the Milky Way galaxy,” said Huang Jing, a coauthor from Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Chen Ding of the National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, another coauthor, added, “The detection of diffuse gamma rays above 100 teraelectron volts is a key to understanding the origin of very-high-energy cosmic rays, which has been a mystery since their discovery in 1912.”

Balloon experiments first identified cosmic rays, revealing they were a key source of radiation on Earth. Cosmic rays are highly energetic particles, mostly protons, that travel across space. Millions of these particles pass through your body every day. (They are believed harmless.)

But where do cosmic rays come from?

“We live together with cosmic-ray muons, though we are usually not sensitive to them,” said Kawata. “Isn’t it a fantasy to think of where and how these cosmic rays are produced and accelerated, traveling all the way to Earth?”

A popular theory argues that accelerators known as “PeVatrons” spew cosmic rays at energies up to one petaelectron volt (PeV). Possible PeVatrons include supernova explosions, star-forming regions, and the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy.

So far, no one has detected any such accelerators. If PeVatrons exist, their cosmic rays should leave trails of glowing gamma rays strewn across the galaxy. The new study reports the first evidence of this highly-energetic haze.

“These gamma rays did not point back to the most powerful known high-energy gamma-ray sources, but spread out along the Milky Way,” said Masato Takita, a coauthor and colleague of Kawata. “Our discovery confirms evidence of the existence of PeVatrons.”

The researchers now want to determine if the probable PeVatrons are active or dead.

“From dead PeVatrons, which are extinct like dinosaurs, we can only see the footprint–the cosmic rays they produced over a few million years, spread over the galactic disk,” said Takita.

“But if we can locate real, active PeVatrons, we can study many more questions,” he said. “What type of star emits our sub-PeV gamma rays and related cosmic rays? How can a star accelerate cosmic rays up to PeV energies? How do the rays propagate inside our galactic disk?”

Other future directions include looking for PeVatron footprints in the southern hemisphere and confirming the gamma-ray results using neutrino detectors in Antarctica and beyond.

The research could also aid in the quest for dark matter. Underground detectors allowed the researchers to cut away cosmic-ray background noise, revealing the kind of pure, diffuse gamma rays predicted to emanate from dark matter.

“We can reduce the cosmic ray background by a factor of one million. Then we see a high-purity gamma ray sky,” said Takita.

The experimental achievement moves physicists significantly closer to discovering where cosmic rays are born.

“This pioneering work opens a new window for the exploration of the extreme universe,” said Huang. “The observational evidence marks an important milestone toward revealing cosmic ray origins, which have puzzled mankind for more than one century.”

###

Press Conference Schedule

Researchers will participate in two press conferences on Friday, April 2, 2021:

— APS will host an online press conference at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT). Please click here to register.

— The Tibet ASγ Collaboration will host an online press conference at 6:00 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) / 3:00 p.m. JST (Japan Standard Time). Please contact [email protected] for details.

Reference

First Detection of Sub-PeV Diffuse Gamma Rays from the Galactic Disk: Evidence for Ubiquitous Galactic Cosmic Rays beyond PeV Energies

M. Amenomori et al. (The Tibet ASγ Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett.

A copy of the manuscript and DOI is available upon request.

Funding Information

The Tibet ASgamma Collaboration is composed of the following institutions: Hirosaki Univ., Nanjing Univ., IHEP / CAS, NAOC / CAS, Tibet Univ., Hebei Normal Univ., Univ. of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Univ., SouthWest Jiaotong Univ., Kanagawa Univ., Utsunomiya Univ., Shibaura Institute of Technology, Yokohama National Univ., Shinshu Univ., ICRR / Univ. of Tokyo, ISAS / JAXA, NCSW / CMA, Shandong Agriculture Univ., Univ. of Science and Technology of China, THCA, Tsinghua Univ., Joint Research Center for Astrophysics / Tsinghua Univ., Tsinghua Univ., NII, Shandong Management Univ., NICT, China Univ. of Petroleum, Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Konan Univ., Nihon Univ., Shonan Institute of Technology, Waseda Univ., JAEA, and PMO / CAS.

This work was or is supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas from the MEXT of Japan, Grants-in-Aid for Science Research from the JSPS of Japan, the National Key R&D Program of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, IHEP, CAS, and the joint research program of the ICRR.

About APS

The American Physical Society is a nonprofit membership organization working to advance and diffuse the knowledge of physics through its outstanding research journals, scientific meetings, and education, outreach, advocacy, and international activities. APS represents over 55,000 members, including physicists in academia, national laboratories, and industry in the United States and throughout the world. Society offices are located in College Park, Maryland (Headquarters), Ridge, New York, and Washington, DC.