The koala is one of the world's most fascinating and iconic mammals. Not only is the koala synonymous with Australia it is also a powerful international symbol for the preservation and conservation of our natural world.
"The Koala Genome Consortium has been an ambitious journey affording us great insights into the genetic building blocks that make up a koala – one of Australia's, as well as the world's, most charismatic and iconic mammals." Professor Rebecca Johnson, Director of the Australian Museum Research Institute, said: "The expert contributions from the teams at the Earlham Institute were a critical component of this study. I'm so proud of the work this great collaboration has produced and thrilled it will be assisting future koala conservation efforts."
The Australian led consortium of scientists comprised 54 scientists from 29 different institutions across seven countries. They have sequenced over 3.4 billion base pairs and more than 26,000 genes in the Koala genome – which makes it slightly larger than the human genome. Unlocking the genomic sequence gives scientists unprecedented insights into the unique biology of the koala.
Co-lead author at the University of Sydney, Professor of Comparative Genomics and member of Earlham Institute's Scientific Advisory Board, Katherine Belov, said: "The genome provides a springboard for the conservation of this biologically unique species."
Earlham Institute's Director of Science, Professor Federica di Palma, added: "This important and very successful collaboration with our partners in Australia has paved the way for future research into decoding other marsupial genomes, which will have important insights into improving conservation and better understanding health."
Koalas face a number of threats to their survival. In addition to the loss in their natural range since the arrival of Europeans, which severely reduces their genetic diversity, koalas face the daily threat of being run over by cars or attacked by dogs even in areas where they are thriving.
Furthermore, chlamydia is a persistent menace, causing blindness and infertility, while koalas also suffer from the koala retrovirus (KoRV). Dr Graham Etherington in the Di Palma Group at the Earlham Institute, added: "The Koala genome provides us with an excellent platform to look into previously unknown anti-microbial genes that could be leveraged for human health."
The research has also allowed scientists to explore many of the interesting qualities of koalas – including how they manage to somehow survive on a strict diet. Dr Will Nash in the Haerty Group at Earlham Institute, said: "The Koala has evolved an excellent toolkit to deal with eating highly toxic eucalyptus leaves."
Scientists from the Earlham Institute identified that koalas have two large expansions in a gene family known to be integral to detoxification. They found these genes to be expressed in many koala tissues, particularly in the liver; indicating they have a very important function in detoxification and likely allowed koalas to become dietary specialists. As Professor Johnson explains, "this probably helped them to find their niche to survive, as they could rely on a food source that would have less competition from other species who were not able to detoxify as effectively."
Evolutionary Genomics expert Dr Wilfried Haerty at EI who worked on the study, said: "The completion of the genome of the koala is a milestone for the study of Mammals genomes evolution and towards the conservation of this emblematic but threatened species. It is the first high-quality genome for a marsupial species, a group of species that has long been overlooked."
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