In the evolving landscape of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treatment, the choice of first-line therapy continues to be a pivotal factor influencing patient outcomes, particularly in settings where access to novel immune checkpoint inhibitors remains constrained. Recent research published in BMC Cancer sheds new light on the comparative impacts of two prominent tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), sunitinib and pazopanib, when followed by second-line administration of the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab. This retrospective analysis, grounded in data from the Turkish Oncology Group Kidney Cancer Consortium, offers critical insights with potential implications for treatment strategies in resource-limited environments.
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma, characterized by its aggressive progression and often poor prognosis, has historically relied on TKIs such as sunitinib and pazopanib as cornerstone therapies. These agents target multiple signaling pathways critical to tumor angiogenesis and proliferation, primarily through vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), but their optimal sequencing with respect to immune therapies remains a subject of active investigation. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors like nivolumab – a programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor antagonist – has revolutionized treatment paradigms globally. However, disparity in access to these agents in low- and middle-income countries necessitates thorough evaluation of TKI sequencing effects.
The study conducted by Kuzu and colleagues retrospectively examined 245 patients diagnosed with mRCC, all of whom received either first-line sunitinib or pazopanib monotherapy followed by second-line nivolumab. Utilizing comprehensive clinical registries from the Turkish Oncology Group, the investigators meticulously analyzed key outcomes including time to treatment failure (TTF) subsequent to nivolumab initiation and overall survival (OS) after second-line therapy commencement. Their methodology also incorporated subgroup evaluations based on International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) risk stratification and the presence of aggressive sarcomatoid histologic features.
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Notably, the analysis revealed that median TTF following nifolumab initiation was strikingly similar across prior treatment groups, measuring 7.79 months for those pretreated with sunitinib versus 7.72 months for pazopanib recipients. This near equivalence was underscored by a non-significant p-value of 0.892, suggesting that first-line TKI choice may not materially impact the duration of benefit derived from subsequent nivolumab therapy. Such findings challenge earlier assumptions that distinct TKIs might uniquely modulate tumor microenvironmental factors affecting immunotherapy responsiveness.
Regarding overall survival post-nivolumab (designated OS-2 in the study), there was a numerical difference between treatment cohorts – 27.21 months for the sunitinib group and 18.92 months for the pazopanib group. However, this difference failed to reach statistical significance (p=0.496), reinforcing the notion that the sequence of these two TKIs before immune checkpoint blockade does not decisively alter survival trajectories in the broader mRCC population. This holds particular significance given that pazopanib is often favored for its more favorable side effect profile and patient quality of life metrics.
Intriguingly, a small but noteworthy subgroup analysis focused on patients exhibiting sarcomatoid differentiation, an aggressive histopathological variant associated with poorer prognosis and treatment resistance. Among this subgroup (n=20), those who received pazopanib as first-line therapy demonstrated a numerically longer overall survival following nivolumab initiation compared to sunitinib pretreated patients, achieving statistical significance (p=0.023). While these results warrant cautious interpretation due to limited sample size, they hint at potential differential biologic interactions between pazopanib pretreatment and immune response mechanisms in this high-risk population.
The underlying biological rationale for these observations may reside in the distinct pharmacodynamic profiles of sunitinib and pazopanib. Both inhibit tyrosine kinases involved in angiogenesis but differ subtly in their off-target effects and immunomodulatory capabilities. It is postulated that pazopanib may elicit less immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments, thereby enhancing the efficacy of subsequent PD-1 blockade in sarcomatoid mRCC variants. Nevertheless, definitive mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate these pathways fully.
This research assumes heightened importance against the backdrop of global disparities in access to standard-of-care immunotherapy regimens. In numerous low-resource settings, TKI monotherapy remains the mainstay of first-line treatment due to cost and availability constraints. Understanding how choice of initial TKI influences subsequent immunotherapy outcomes is paramount to optimizing sequential treatment algorithms and improving survival outcomes in these populations.
The study’s retrospective design and relatively limited sample size, particularly in subgroups, impose inherent limitations on the generalizability of the findings. Prospective, randomized trials with larger cohorts are imperative to validate these preliminary observations and to explore the underlying biological mechanisms driving differential outcomes between sunitinib and pazopanib. Such investigations could pave the way for tailored treatment pathways based on individual tumor biology, risk stratification, and resource availability.
Furthermore, the evolving landscape of mRCC management now includes combination ICI regimens alongside TKIs, which necessitates future research to delineate the impact of frontline combination approaches versus sequential monotherapies. The dynamic interplay between angiogenesis inhibition and immune activation remains a fertile ground for discovery, with potential translational applications extending beyond renal cell carcinoma.
Clinicians operating in resource-limited environments may glean practical guidance from this study, finding reassurance that selection between sunitinib and pazopanib as first-line agents need not compromise the efficacy of subsequent nivolumab-based immunotherapy. However, the observed potential benefit of pazopanib in sarcomatoid mRCC, albeit preliminary, underscores the need for individualized therapeutic considerations.
In summary, this analysis confirms parity in survival outcomes following second-line nivolumab irrespective of initial TKI selection, while highlighting intriguing subgroup-specific signals favoring pazopanib in sarcomatoid disease. These findings emphasize the necessity of continuing to evaluate therapeutic sequences in mRCC with an eye toward maximizing efficacy, minimizing toxicity, and ensuring equitable access to life-prolonging treatments worldwide.
As the oncology community advances toward more personalized, mechanism-informed care, studies such as this illuminate the complexities of therapeutic sequencing and underscore the critical need for robust, context-sensitive evidence. Ongoing research will determine whether these insights translate into practice-changing guidelines and improved prognoses for patients confronting metastatic renal cancer across diverse healthcare settings.
Subject of Research: The impact of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor selection (sunitinib versus pazopanib) on survival outcomes following second-line nivolumab therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Article Title: Impact of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor selection on survival outcomes with second-line nivolumab in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Article References:
Kuzu, O.F., Bolek, H., Sertesen Camoz, E. et al. Impact of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor selection on survival outcomes with second-line nivolumab in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 25, 1220 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14654-3
Image Credits: Scienmag.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14654-3
Tags: angiogenesis-targeted therapies in mRCCcomparative effectiveness of TKIsfirst-line TKI choiceimmune checkpoint inhibitors in mRCCmetastatic renal cell carcinoma treatmentPD-1 receptor antagonistsrenal cell carcinoma prognosisresource-limited cancer treatment strategiessecond-line nivolumab survivalsunitinib vs pazopanibTKI sequencing in cancer therapyTurkish Oncology Group Kidney Cancer Consortium