Early detection of prediabetes can reduce risk of developing cardiovascular disease

WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. – Jan. 23, 2019 – A diagnosis of prediabetes should be a warning for people to make lifestyle changes to prevent both full-blown diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD), according to scientists at Wake Forest School of Medicine.

“We know that having diabetes increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, so in our study we wanted to determine what the absolute risk or probability of developing heart disease was for people who were only at a pre-diabetic level of blood sugar,” said the study’s lead author Michael P. Bancks, Ph.D., assistant professor of epidemiology and prevention at Wake Forest’s medical school, a part of Wake Forest Baptist Health.

The study is published in the current issue of Diabetes Care.

Prediabetes is indicated by a fasting blood sugar level between100 and 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L), while a fasting blood sugar level of less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is considered normal. A level of 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) and higher is the diagnostic threshold for diabetes, Bancks said.

In the study, the researchers used data from seven observational studies that included both white and black men and women who were followed from 1960 through 2015. Prior research focused on white Americans of European descent, whereas this study included African-Americans so the findings could be generalized to a broader population, Bancks said.

The sample included 19,630 individuals who had not had a prior CVD event, considered here as heart disease or stroke. Absolute risk of CVD was determined through analysis of participants’ fasting glucose category beginning at age 55 through 85.

Bancks and colleagues found that the risk for CVD ranged from 15 percent (non-diabetic) to 38 percent (diabetic) among women and from 21 percent (non-diabetic) to 47 percent (diabetic) among men. Increases in glucose to the diabetic level during mid-life were associated with substantially higher cardiovascular risk than when glucose levels stayed below the diabetes threshold.

“Although we found that individuals who had pre-diabetic levels of blood glucose did not have a higher absolute risk for cardiovascular disease, we know that most people go on to develop diabetes unless they take measures to reduce their blood sugar levels,” Bancks said.

“Our study provides further evidence that if you can avoid diabetes you may be able to stave off cardiovascular disease. Pre-diabetes should serve as a red flag to doctors to closely monitor their patient’s blood sugar to try to prevent diabetes through lifestyle interventions like better diet and increased physical activity, and if necessary, with pharmacologic therapies.”

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Co-authors are: Hongyan Ning, M.D., Mercedes R. Carnethon, Ph.D., Norrina B. Allen, Ph.D., John T. Wilkins, M.D., and Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, M.D., of Northwestern University; Alain G. Bertoni, M.D., of Wake Forest School of Medicine; Adolfo Correa, M.D., of University of Mississippi; Justin B. Echouffo Tcheugui, M.D., Johns Hopkins University; and Leslie A. Lange, Ph.D., University of Colorado Denver.

Support for the study was provided by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number T32HL069771 to conduct the current work. The LRPP was supported in its inception by the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grant number R21 HL085375 and is currently supported by funds from the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. The JHS is supported and conducted in collaboration with Jackson State University (HHSN268201300049C and HHSN268201300050C), Tougaloo College (HHSN268201300048C), and the University of Mississippi Medical Center (HHSN268201300046C and HHSN268201300047C) contracts from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the National Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD).