Revving up immune system may help treat eczema

The aggravating skin condition eczema is most commonly treated by suppressing the immune system, but not all patients get relief. Now, a drug strategy aimed at revving up the immune system and boosting a type of immune cell known as natural killer cells appears, at least in mice, to effectively treat eczema.

The innovative approach, from researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, may point to a potential treatment for the skin condition, as well as other health problems linked to it, including asthma.

The findings are published online Feb. 26 in the journal Science Translational Medicine.

Natural killer (NK) cells — a type of immune cell — also are being evaluated as a cancer therapy. These cells play a particular role in attacking cells the immune system recognizes as foreign, including some tumor cells. In the new study, the researchers were surprised to learn that natural killer cells also effectively treated eczema in mice.

“If you look at the skin of the mice we studied, their eczema resolves in a way we haven’t seen before with other therapies,” said principal investigator Brian S. Kim, MD, a dermatologist and an associate professor of medicine. “And so far, our mouse model of eczema has accurately predicted what we will see in patients.”

At least 10% of the U.S. population has eczema, an itchy, splotchy rash that leaves many patients discouraged due to a lack of many effective treatments. Therapies for eczema include topical steroids, drugs called calcineurin inhibitors, and the monoclonal antibody drug dupilumab (Dupixent), all of which treat the rash by blocking part of the body’s immune response.

“Eczema is a chronic disease, and using steroids day in and day out is not advisable because it can contribute to thinning of the skin, which can contribute to other side effects,” Kim said. “Long-term use can lead to easy bruising and even stretch marks on the skin. We need more reliable treatments to bring relief, and we think boosting natural killer cells may be one way to do that.”

Kim, who also is co-director of Washington University’s Center for the Study of Itch & Sensory Disorders, said he has noticed over time that his patients tend to have very low levels of NK cells in their blood.

“We were perplexed as to why that might be, but the numbers were low enough, consistently enough, that eventually we started using them almost like a diagnostic tool,” he explained. “If we had any doubt about whether a person had eczema, we’d take a blood sample and look at their NK cell levels.”

With the study’s first author, Madison Mack, PhD, a graduate student in immunology at the time of the study, Kim took that clinical observation to the laboratory and a mouse model of the skin disease. After removing the animals’ ability to make NK cells, Mack noticed that markers of inflammation in the animals worsened. Later, when they used an investigational drug prototype to increase the number of NK cells in the animals, inflammation lessened, and the mice got better.

Kim said he believes that in addition to improving skin rash associated with eczema, boosting the numbers of NK cells could help restore immunity to viruses in eczema patients. People who have very low numbers of NK cells turn out to be more susceptible to the herpes virus, pox viruses and HPV viruses, among others.

Rather than revving up part of the immune system, the drug dupilumab, on the other hand, blocks part of the body’s immune response. The drug was approved for clinical use in 2017, and is safe, very effective and has helped many eczema patients improve, Kim said. Patients typically receive injections of the drug twice a month. However, about 60% of those treated with the drug in clinical trials did not respond as well as their doctors would have liked. In addition, some patients see improvement on most of the body but experience flare-ups on the face. There also are side effects in some patients, such as conjunctivitis.

Kim is eager to see if the strategy of revving up part of the immune system might help eczema patients. Investigational drugs that increase NK cell populations are being tested as treatments for some types of cancer in clinical trials at Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine. Kim said those studies suggest the drugs selectively boost NK cells, so he is now working with researchers from Siteman to test them in a clinical trial targeting eczema.

“We have a patent pending for this strategy, and we’re planning to move toward trials,” he said. “And we won’t limit our studies to eczema. This strategy could help patients who have asthma or food allergies, conditions that often appear along with eczema.”

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Mack MR, et al. Blood natural killer cell deficiency reveals an immunotherapy strategy for atopic dermatitis. Science Translational Medicine, published online Feb. 26, 2020.

This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences and the National Center for Research Resources, of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Grant numbers P30 CA091842, UL1 TR002345, P30 CA91842, UL1 TR000448, 1S10 RR027552, P30 DK052574, UL1 RR024992, UL1 TR002345, R01 AR070116, K08 AR065577, T32 AI716399, T32 HL007317, DP5 OD028125, F32 CAQ200253, T32HL00708843, R01 AI102924, R01 CA205239, and R01 AR070873. Additional funding was provided by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, the American Skin Association, LEO Pharma, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Fellows Program, Siteman Cancer Center, the Institute of Clinical and Translational Science at Washington University School of Medicine, the European Research Council, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Equipe Labellisee (Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer), MSDAvenir, Innate Pharma, Marseille Immunopole, Children’s Discovery Institute, and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund.

Washington University School of Medicine’s 1,500 faculty physicians also are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s hospitals. The School of Medicine is a leader in medical research, teaching and patient care, ranking among the top 10 medical schools in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare.