In recent years, the neonatal care community has witnessed a significant transformation in the management of premature infants suffering from respiratory distress. Chief among these advancements is the adoption of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), a technique designed to reduce lung injury by avoiding the complications associated with intubation and mechanical ventilation. However, despite its theoretical benefits, the impact of NIV on the incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) — a chronic lung disease frequently affecting preterm infants — remains shrouded in uncertainty. A groundbreaking study by Goffinon et al., published in the Journal of Perinatology in 2025, provides pivotal insights into this complex relationship, igniting renewed scientific debate and reevaluating neonatal respiratory strategies across the globe.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia continues to pose a considerable challenge in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) worldwide. It is characterized by disrupted lung development, inflammation, and scarring, which can lead to long-term respiratory complications, impaired growth, and neurodevelopmental delays. BPD is notably prevalent among extremely premature infants who require respiratory support during their critical earliest days of life. Traditional approaches using invasive mechanical ventilation, while lifesaving, often exacerbate lung injury through barotrauma and volutrauma. Consequently, clinicians have explored NIV to better preserve lung architecture and function.
Despite growing enthusiasm for NIV, conflicting evidence has emerged regarding its efficacy in curbing BPD rates. The study by Goffinon and colleagues provides a rigorous, propensity score-matched analysis comparing outcomes among preterm infants receiving early non-invasive ventilation versus those supported by conventional invasive methods. This methodologically robust approach attempts to control for the multiple confounding variables common in observational neonatal research — such as gestational age, birth weight, and severity of illness — thus offering a clearer picture of NIV’s true impact on BPD incidence.
The findings reveal a paradoxical trend: while the adoption of NIV has increased markedly over recent years, there has been a concomitant rise in BPD rates rather than the expected decline. This data challenges the conventional wisdom that non-invasive techniques inherently reduce lung injury and suggests that the clinical milieu surrounding these interventions is far more complex than previously appreciated. Several hypotheses may explain this counterintuitive outcome, including the possibility that NIV is being applied to increasingly vulnerable populations or that subtle ventilator-induced lung injuries persist even without intubation.
The study’s granular analysis also highlights the heterogeneity of BPD as a disease entity. Differences in phenotypic presentations, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and the timing of respiratory support initiation all influence outcomes. Furthermore, the variability in NIV strategies — such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) — complicates direct comparisons and calls for tailored approaches rather than one-size-fits-all protocols.
A critical implication of these results is the need for comprehensive longitudinal monitoring, not only focused on immediate respiratory outcomes but also on the broader developmental trajectory of infants with or at risk of BPD. The interplay between oxygenation targets, nutritional status, infection control, and respiratory support parameters necessitates a multifaceted, multidisciplinary approach that goes beyond initial ventilation modality selection. Neonatologists must balance the benefits of less invasive ventilation techniques against the potential for delayed recognition of lung injury or inadequate respiratory support.
Moreover, the study underscores the importance of ongoing clinical trials and translational research to dissect the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning BPD in the context of evolving respiratory strategies. Emerging technologies such as lung ultrasound, biomarkers of inflammation, and advanced pulmonary function testing may offer valuable tools for early detection and individualized management of lung injury in this vulnerable population. These innovations promise to refine NIV protocols, optimize ventilatory parameters, and ultimately improve pulmonary outcomes.
Beyond the immediate neonatal period, the findings raise concerns about the long-term respiratory health of infants exposed to early NIV. The propensity score matching and data analysis employed in this study provide a template for future investigations into neurodevelopmental outcomes, pulmonary morbidity, and quality of life measures that follow preterm infants into childhood and beyond. This holistic view is essential in guiding parental counseling and resource allocation for high-risk populations.
The investigators also emphasize the need for standardized definitions and diagnostic criteria for BPD in the era of advanced respiratory care. Heterogeneity in clinical practice and outcome reporting complicates the interpretation of epidemiological trends and the translation of research findings into practice guidelines. Establishing consensus through international collaborations could harmonize care delivery and facilitate meta-analyses that better inform evidence-based interventions.
From a clinical standpoint, the rising incidence of BPD in the face of increased NIV utilization should prompt neonatologists to critically reassess the timing, indications, and delivery modalities of non-invasive respiratory support. Protocols must incorporate vigilant monitoring for signs of respiratory deterioration and readiness for escalation to invasive ventilation when necessary. Education and training in NIV techniques and troubleshooting are paramount to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize complications.
In parallel, these insights invite a reexamination of adjunct therapies aimed at mitigating BPD risk, including pharmacological agents like corticosteroids, antioxidant therapies, and surfactant administration methods complemented by NIV. Investigations into genetic and epigenetic predispositions to BPD may further reveal why some infants fail to benefit from non-invasive strategies, enabling precision medicine approaches in neonatal care.
The study by Goffinon et al. also calls attention to the evolving epidemiology of prematurity and lung disease. Advances in obstetric care have increased the survival of extremely low gestational age newborns, paradoxically raising the population at risk for BPD. The challenge lies in refining respiratory support to support lung growth without inflicting additional injury — a delicate balance that demands ongoing innovation and rigorous clinical scrutiny.
Collectively, these revelations serve as a stark reminder that technological advancements in neonatal medicine do not automatically translate to improved outcomes without continuous evaluation and adaptation. The relationship between NIV and BPD exemplifies the complexities inherent in critical care interventions where multiple interacting factors influence disease progression and recovery. As such, the neonatal community must maintain a vigilant, evidence-driven approach to respiratory management, integrating emerging data with clinical acumen to optimize care for the most fragile patients.
In closing, while non-invasive ventilation represents a paradigm shift with immense potential, the paradoxical rise in bronchopulmonary dysplasia documented by Goffinon et al. underscores the necessity for continual reassessment of practice standards. The pursuit of safer, more effective respiratory support must persist with rigor and humility, embracing multidisciplinary collaboration, innovation, and patient-centered research. The fragile lungs of premature infants deserve nothing less than our most dedicated scientific and clinical efforts.
Subject of Research: The impact of non-invasive ventilation on the incidence and outcomes of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants.
Article Title: Rising rates of non-invasive ventilation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A propensity score-matched analysis.
Article References:
Goffinon, E., Badr, D.A., Lefèvre, N. et al. Rising rates of non-invasive ventilation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A propensity score-matched analysis. J Perinatol (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02494-9
Image Credits: AI Generated
DOI: 24 November 2025
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