For decades, evolutionary biologists have pondered a provocative question: if the tape of life were rewound and played anew, would evolution retrace the same steps, especially when it comes to complex behaviors mediated by the brain? A transformative study led by Kimberly Rosvall at Indiana University, in collaboration with former postdoctoral scholar Sara Lipshutz now at Duke University, provides compelling evidence that in certain contexts, evolution does indeed repeat itself. Their groundbreaking research, recently published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, illuminates how repeated behavioral evolution in songbirds is closely paralleled by convergent patterns of gene expression in the brain, shedding light on the genetic mechanisms underlying behavioral adaptation across species.
Rosvall and her colleagues focused their investigation on the intriguing ecological niche of cavity-nesting birds—species that rely exclusively on tree hollows or similar cavities for reproduction. Such specialized ecological constraints impose intense territorial competition, particularly in securing nesting sites, and scientists have long suspected these pressures might drive evolutionary changes not only in behavior but also in the neural substrates that regulate such behavior. The team sought to test whether increased aggression—a complex social behavior critical for defending scarce nesting opportunities—evolved independently across multiple lineages of cavity-nesting birds and, crucially, whether similar molecular adaptations within the brain accompanied these behavioral shifts.
The experimental design was elegant and comprehensive. Researchers observed natural populations of five avian lineages—swallows, wood warblers, sparrows, thrushes, and wrens—each represented by a pair of closely related species differing in nesting strategies. One species in each pair was an obligate cavity-nester, unable to reproduce without a suitable hole in a tree or structure, while the other species exhibited greater nesting flexibility. By comparing behavioral aggression responses to standardized territorial challenges—exposure to a stuffed decoy and playback of aggressive calls—the research team systematically quantified aggression levels across hundreds of individual birds in wild settings. This robust cross-species approach allowed for rigorous comparative analyses.
Their behavioral results were striking: across all five evolutionary branches, cavity-nesting species exhibited heightened aggression, especially pronounced in females. This sex-specific intensification of territorial defense underscores the evolutionary significance of nesting constraints in females, who often bear the brunt of reproductive investment and offspring care. The findings support the hypothesis that ecological demands can exert strong selective pressure on complex social behaviors, leading to repeated evolutionary outcomes.
Yet the most exciting aspect of the study lies beyond behavior, delving deep into the molecular fabric of the brain. Using high-throughput sequencing techniques, the researchers analyzed gene expression profiles from brain tissues of all ten species. Among over 10,000 genes examined, a remarkable subset exhibited convergent alterations in expression in cavity-nesters across phylogenetically distant groups. These gene expression changes were not random but mirrored the independent evolution of heightened aggression, providing molecular evidence of parallel neural adaptation.
The convergence on similar gene expression profiles in multiple lineages suggests that natural selection, acting on brain gene networks, can repeatedly navigate toward comparable molecular solutions when faced with similar ecological challenges. This molecular parallelism challenges prior assumptions that complex behaviors like aggression evolve through diverse genetic routes. Instead, the study reveals an intriguing predictability in the evolution of brain function linked to behavior, which until now had been predominantly observed in simpler physical traits.
Interestingly, the set of consistently altered genes identified was relatively small—indicating evolutionary fine-tuning of a specialized genetic toolkit rather than wholesale genomic upheaval. Moreover, these genes were not the anticipated “usual suspects,” such as those directly involved in testosterone regulation or canonical aggression pathways. Instead, the implicated genes are associated with neural processes and pathways also connected to neurodegenerative disorders in humans. While the study explicitly clarifies that increased aggression in birds is not linked to pathologies like Alzheimer’s disease, this overlap opens fascinating avenues for understanding how evolution modulates brain function and behavior via genes that are multifunctional and conserved.
Beyond this consistent core of genes, the researchers observed additional gene expression changes shared among subsets of lineages, supporting a nuanced view aptly captured by Rosvall and Lipshutz’s metaphor: evolution is like asking five artists to paint the same landscape. Each painting is recognizable as the same scene, yet each bears distinctive brushstrokes and interpretations. Similarly, while a conserved genetic toolkit is redeployed across cavity-nesting birds, diverse molecular routes contribute to the behavioral phenotype, illustrating the evolutionary creativity layered over predictability.
This study pushes the frontier of evolutionary neurobiology by integrating behavioral ecology, genomics, and phylogenetics. It demonstrates that behavioral evolution—often viewed as notoriously complex and contingent—can exhibit remarkable repeatability mediated by convergent gene expression changes in the brain. Such insights fundamentally advance our understanding of how nervous systems evolve to orchestrate adaptive behaviors in response to ecological pressures.
Furthermore, the research carries profound implications beyond ornithology. By elucidating how natural selection sculpts neural gene expression linked to aggression, this work informs broader debates about the genetic basis of behavior, the modularity of brain evolution, and the interplay between ecology and neurobiology. Moreover, the unexpected connection to genes related to human neurodegenerative diseases invites interdisciplinary exploration into whether evolutionary modifications of these genetic pathways contribute to neural function diversity and disease susceptibility.
Kimberly Rosvall’s expertise in behavioral ecology and neurogenomics was pivotal in navigating this complex research landscape. Her lab leverages natural variation in wild populations to decode how animals solve environmental challenges ranging from habitat limitations to climate change. Supported by funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation, this collaborative study exemplifies how integrative methods can unravel intricate evolutionary phenomena by combining fieldwork, experimental manipulation, and cutting-edge molecular techniques.
The study also underscores the importance of examining multiple independent evolutionary events to detect patterns of convergent evolution. By including diverse bird families spanning millions of years of evolutionary divergence, the researchers provide a rigorous test of whether similar ecological pressures reliably produce analogous behavioral and molecular outcomes. This phylogenetic breadth enriches the findings, reinforcing the robustness of repeated evolution in neural mechanisms underpinning aggression.
Ultimately, this research redefines our appreciation of how behavior and brain function evolve in tandem. It reveals that even among complex brain-mediated traits, nature’s “do-over” results in strikingly predictable patterns at both phenotypic and genetic levels. Such revelations propel evolutionary biology into an era where the genome’s role in shaping behavior is no longer enigmatic but increasingly deciphered, promising to unlock new paradigms that resonate across biology, medicine, and conservation.
Subject of Research: Animals
Article Title: Repeated behavioural evolution is associated with convergence of gene expression in cavity-nesting songbirds
News Publication Date: 28-Apr-2025
Web References:
Nature Ecology & Evolution article
DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02675-x
Keywords: Life sciences, Convergent evolution, Wild birds, Human brain, Evolutionary developmental biology, Evolutionary theories, Phylogenetics
Tags: behavioral adaptation in animalsbird behavior evolutionconvergent evolution in birdsecological niches of cavity-nesting birdsevolutionary biologyevolutionary patterns in avian speciesgenetic mechanisms of behaviorKimberley Rosvall researchNature Ecology & Evolution findingsneural substrates of aggressionsongbird behavior studyterritorial competition in birds
