Diagnosis of coronary artery disease improved by deep learning analysis of SPECT MPI

A multicenter international study has demonstrated for the first time that diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease can be improved by using deep learning analysis of upright and supine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). The research is featured in the May issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, coronary artery disease is the most common type of heart disease, killing more than 370,000 people in the United States annually. SPECT MPI, which is widely used for its diagnosis, shows how well the heart muscle is pumping and examines blood flow through the heart during exercise and at rest. On new cameras with a patient imaged in sitting position, two positions (semi-upright and supine) are routinely used to mitigate attenuation artifacts. The current quantitative standard for analyzing MPI data is to calculate the combined total perfusion deficit (TPD) from these 2 positions. Visually, physicians need to reconcile information available from 2 views.

Deep convolutional neural networks, often referred to as deep learning (DL), go beyond machine learning using algorithms. They directly analyze visual data, learn from them, and make intelligent findings based on the image information.

For this study, DL analysis of data from the two-position stress MPI was compared with the standard TPD analysis of 1,160 patients without known coronary artery disease. Patients underwent stress MPI with the nuclear medicine radiotracer technetium (99mTc) sestamibi. New-generation solid-state SPECT scanners in four different centers were used, and images were quantified at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. All patients had on-site clinical reads and invasive coronary angiography correlations within six months of MPI.

Obstructive disease was defined as at least 70 percent narrowing of the three major coronary arteries and at least 50 percent for the left main coronary artery. During the validation procedure, four different DL models were trained (each using data from three centers) and then were evaluated on the one center left aside. Predictions for 4 centers were merged to have an overall estimation of the multicenter performance.

The study revealed that 718 (62 percent) patients and 1,272 of 3,480 (37 percent) arteries had obstructive disease. Per-patient sensitivity improved from 61.8 percent with TPD to 65.6 percent with DL, and per-vessel sensitivity improved from 54.6 percent with TPD to 59.1 percent with DL. In addition, DL had a sensitivity of 84.8 percent, versus 82.6 percent for an on-site clinical read.

The results clearly show that DL improves MPI interpretation over current methods.

“These findings were demonstrated for the first time in a rigorous, repeated external validation,” points out Piotr J. Slomka, PhD, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, affirming that “the latest developments in artificial intelligence can be efficiently leveraged to enhance the accuracy of existing nuclear medicine techniques.”

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The focus is always on advancing patient care, and Slomka says, “Patients will benefit from increased diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility of SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging when such systems are deployed clinically.”

Authors of “Deep Learning Analysis of Upright-Supine High-Efficiency SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging for Prediction of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Multicenter Study” include Julian Betancur, Lien-Hsin Hu, Frederic Commandeur, Guido Germano, Yuka Otaki, Joanna X. Liang, Balaji K. Tamarappoo, Damini Dey, Daniel S. Berman, and Piotr J. Slomka, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Tali Sharir, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel Aviv, and Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel; Andrew J. Einstein, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York; Mathews B. Fish, Sacred Heart Medical Center, Springfield, Oregon; Terrence D. Ruddy, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Philipp A. Kaufmann, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Albert J. Sinusas and Edward J. Miller, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Timothy M. Bateman, Cardiovascular Imaging Technologies LLC, Kansas City, Missouri; and Marcelo Di Carli and Sharmila Dorbala, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

This study was made available online in September 2018 ahead of final publication in print in May 2019.

This research was supported in part by a grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (R01HL089765).

To schedule an interview with the researchers, please contact Rebecca Maxey at (703) 652-6772 or [email protected]. Current and past issues of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine can be found online at http://jnm.snmjournals.org.

About the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

The Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) is an international scientific and medical organization dedicated to advancing nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, vital elements of precision medicine that allow diagnosis and treatment to be tailored to individual patients in order to achieve the best possible outcomes.

SNMMI’s more than 17,000 members set the standard for molecular imaging and nuclear medicine practice by creating guidelines, sharing information through journals and meetings and leading advocacy on key issues that affect molecular imaging and therapy research and practice. For more information, visit http://www.snmmi.org.