In the relentless pursuit to combat breast cancer, a disease notorious for its complexity and adaptive resistance to conventional treatments, researchers are turning their gaze to a novel contender: cannabidiol (CBD). Derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, CBD is a non-psychoactive compound that has recently captivated the scientific community for its promising antitumor properties. A comprehensive review published in BMC Cancer in 2025 meticulously synthesizes existing preclinical and clinical evidence, offering an illuminating view of CBD’s therapeutic potential against breast cancer.
Breast cancer remains one of the most pervasive malignancies worldwide, characterized by its heterogeneous nature and the frequent emergence of drug resistance mechanisms that severely limit treatment efficacy. Current therapeutic strategies often falter when confronted with aggressive breast cancer subtypes, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lacks hormone receptors typically targeted by standard therapies. This grim reality has galvanized research into alternative agents capable of circumventing such resistance, where CBD has emerged as a compelling candidate.
The review conducted by Esmaeli, Dehabadi, and Khaleghi undertakes a rigorous systematic analysis following PRISMA guidelines, encompassing a broad literature search in major databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus. From an initial pool of 1,191 articles, 34 studies spanning nearly three decades were distilled for their methodological rigor and relevance to the antitumor effects of CBD. The selected research integrates in vitro cellular assays, in vivo animal models, and early-phase clinical trials, creating a multidimensional perspective on CBD’s actions.
At the cellular level, CBD has demonstrated profound influences on breast cancer pathophysiology. It induces apoptosis—the programmed cell death critical to removing malignant cells—while simultaneously inhibiting key processes like cell proliferation. This dual action disrupts tumor growth dynamics, halting progression effectively in laboratory and animal studies. Notably, CBD also suppresses metastatic spread, which is the principal cause of mortality in breast cancer patients, by modulating tumor microenvironment factors that promote invasion and migration.
Digging deeper into the molecular mechanisms, the review highlights CBD’s capacity to interact with multiple signaling pathways integral to cancer cell survival and metabolism. It modulates the PI3K/Akt and mTOR pathways, both of which are hyperactivated in many cancers and associated with aggressive phenotypes and treatment resistance. Furthermore, CBD engages nuclear receptors such as PPARγ, influencing gene expression patterns that regulate cellular differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation.
An intriguing aspect of CBD’s mechanism involves its interaction with cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, as well as non-cannabinoid receptors. These interactions form a complex network through which CBD exerts immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, thereby influencing tumor immune surveillance and stromal support. The review underscores that CBD’s multi-targeted approach may be particularly advantageous in treating TNBC, where receptor-targeted therapies are ineffective, and conventional chemotherapy often leads to adverse side effects.
Preclinical studies overwhelmingly support CBD’s anticancer efficacy, yet the clinical landscape remains nascent, marked by a handful of exploratory trials. These early human studies suggest that CBD can function as a valuable adjunct to existing chemotherapeutic regimens, potentially enhancing therapeutic outcomes and mitigating toxicity. However, the review points out that heterogeneity in study design, varying CBD preparations and dosages, and the lack of standardized protocols constitute significant barriers to definitive clinical adoption.
Despite these challenges, the prospect of incorporating CBD into breast cancer therapy is tantalizing. Its relatively favorable safety profile, coupled with its ability to modulate critical oncogenic pathways, positions it as a unique agent in the armamentarium against resistant breast cancer subtypes. The review advocates for meticulously designed clinical trials to validate CBD’s efficacy and safety profiles while also identifying predictive biomarkers that could guide patient selection for personalized treatment strategies.
The translational potential of CBD extends beyond direct tumoricidal effects. By modulating the tumor microenvironment—including immune cell infiltration, angiogenesis, and stromal support—CBD could reshape the local niche to inhibit tumor progression and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies. This expanded scope of activity adds a versatile dimension to CBD’s therapeutic promise, positioning it at the frontier of novel breast cancer treatment paradigms.
Moreover, the review addresses the urgent need for combinatorial therapeutic approaches, wherein CBD could be integrated synergistically with conventional chemotherapies, targeted agents, or emerging immunomodulators. Such strategies could exploit complementary mechanisms of action, potentially overcoming resistance pathways that limit single-agent effectiveness. This concept of combinatorial modulation epitomizes the shift towards precision oncology, aiming to tailor therapies to tumor-specific molecular landscapes.
As research progresses, standardization in CBD formulation and administration becomes paramount. Variability in extraction processes, purity, dosing, and delivery methods currently obfuscates comparative analyses and clinical reproducibility. The review underscores initiatives to establish rigorous quality control and pharmacokinetic profiling, which will be crucial for translating promising preclinical findings into clinically viable treatment options.
In tandem with experimental endeavors, elucidating CBD’s pharmacodynamics and potential off-target effects is critical. While its non-psychoactive nature distinguishes it from other cannabinoids, subtle interactions within the endocannabinoid system and other receptor networks necessitate comprehensive safety assessments. Long-term studies will be indispensable to ascertain tolerability and to preempt any unforeseen adverse reactions in vulnerable patient populations.
The intersection of cancer biology and cannabinoid pharmacology, as exemplified by this extensive review, marks an exciting frontier with transformative potential. The synthesis presented in BMC Cancer provides a compelling scientific rationale for continued exploration of CBD, laying the groundwork for future clinical innovations that may redefine breast cancer management.
In conclusion, cannabidiol emerges as a promising and multifaceted therapeutic agent against breast cancer, with particular efficacy noted in aggressive subtypes like TNBC. Although numerous obstacles remain—including standardization of clinical protocols and validation through robust trials—the groundwork is set for CBD to become an integral part of conventional and personalized oncology regimens. Continued interdisciplinary research will be vital to unlock the full therapeutic potential of this intriguing compound and to bring new hope to patients battling breast cancer worldwide.
Subject of Research: Cannabidiol (CBD) as an antitumor therapeutic agent in breast cancer
Article Title: Cannabidiol as a novel therapeutic agent in breast cancer: evidence from literature
Article References:
Esmaeli, M., Dehabadi, M.D. & Khaleghi, A.A. Cannabidiol as a novel therapeutic agent in breast cancer: evidence from literature. BMC Cancer 25, 772 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14175-z
Image Credits: Scienmag.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14175-z
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