An ultimate one-dimensional electronic channel in hexagonal boron nitride

In the field of 2D electronics, the norm used to be that graphene is the main protagonist and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is its insulating passive support. Researchers of the Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) made a discovery that might change the role of hBN. They have reported that stacking of ultrathin sheets of hBN in a particular way creates a conducting boundary with zero bandgap. In other words, the same material could block the flow of electrons, as a good insulator, and also conduct electricity in a specific location. Published in the journal Science Advances, this result is expected to raise interest in hBN by giving it a more active part in 2D electronics.

Similarly to graphene, hBN is a 2D material with high chemical, mechanical and thermal stability. hBN sheets resemble a chicken wire, and are made of hexagonal rings of alternating boron and nitrogen atoms, strongly bound together. However, unlike graphene, hBN is an insulator with a large bandgap of more than five electronVolts, which limits its applications.

“In contrast to the wide spectrum of proposed applications for graphene, hexagonal boron nitride is often regarded as an inert material, largely confined as substrate or electron barrier for 2D material-based devices. When we began this research, we were convinced that reducing the bandgap of hBN could give to this material the versatility of graphene,” says the first author, Hyo Ju Park.

Several attempts to lower the bandgap of hBN have been mostly ineffective because of its strong covalent boron-nitrogen bonds and chemical inertness. IBS researchers in collaboration with colleagues of Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Sejong University, Korea, and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, managed to produce a particular stacking boundary of a few hBN layers having a bandgap of zero electronVolts.

Depending on how the hBN sheets are piled up, the material can assume different configurations. For example, in the so-called AA? arrangement, the atoms in one layer are aligned directly on the top of atoms in another layer, but successive layers are rotated such that boron is located on nitrogen and nitrogen on boron atoms. In another type of layout, known as AB, half of the atoms of one layer lie directly over the center of the hexagonal rings of the lower sheet, and the other atoms overlap with the atoms underneath.

For the first time, the team has reported atomically sharp AA?/AB stacking boundaries formed in few-layer hBN grown by chemical vapor deposition. Characterized by a line of oblong hexagonal rings, this specific boundary has zero bandgap. To confirm this result, the research performed several simulations and tests via transmission electron microscopy, density functional theory calculations, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations.

“An atomic conducting channel expands the application range of boron nitride infinitely, and opens new possibilities for all-hBN or all 2D nanoelectronic devices,” points out the corresponding author Zonghoon Lee.

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