In the evolving landscape of cancer research, a groundbreaking study has shed light on the overlooked nexus between cancer and sexual and reproductive health among adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients. Published in BMC Cancer, this study dives deep into the lived experiences of individuals aged 15 to 39, a demographic often caught between pediatric and adult oncology services, highlighting the multifaceted ways cancer infringes upon intimate facets of their lives. This investigation, through novel serial focus groups, reveals how cancer fundamentally reshapes self-identity, relationships, and future aspirations related to sexuality and reproductive potential.
The study’s methodology stands apart in its patient-oriented approach, underscoring the value of co-creation in clinical research. By organizing participants into cohorts based on shared characteristics such as gender, cancer type, and stage, the research cultivated safe spaces simulating support groups. This format allowed for candid discussions amid peers undergoing similar journeys, facilitated collaboratively by patient research partners (PRPs) who not only guided conversations but also helped shape the research questions themselves. The use of serial focus groups—three successive sessions per cohort—enabled nuanced exploration over time, capturing evolving perceptions and emotional processes.
A total of 48 participants from across Canada contributed to this expansive project, encompassing diverse identities including cis-gender women, cis-gender men, nonbinary and gender-fluid individuals, as well as members of the 2SLGBTQIA+ community. Additionally, representation spanned racial backgrounds, including Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC). This rich heterogeneity enhances the validity and transferability of findings, offering insights into intersectional experiences often neglected in research focused solely on clinical outcomes or physiological effects.
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One of the most striking revelations centers on the internal, deeply personal upheavals patients endure. Cancer’s impact on sexual function, fertility anxieties, body image, and gender identity stirred profound reflections and insecurities. Participants shared feelings of alienation from their own bodies, a diminished sense of attractiveness, and concerns about “being enough” for potential partners. These internal challenges were compounded by treatment side effects such as hormonal fluctuations, neuropathies, and surgical alterations, which collectively impaired sexual health and reproductive confidence.
Beyond individual experiences, the study illuminates how societal narratives and external pressures filter into patients’ perceptions and coping mechanisms. Many participants articulated tension between prevailing heteronormative expectations and their own identities or desires altered by cancer. Experiences of isolation, stigma, and inadequate community support emerged as barriers to navigating sexual and reproductive health post-diagnosis. The intersecting marginalization faced by LGBTQIA+ and racialized participants further complicated access to affirming care, emphasizing lingering health disparities.
Cancer’s intrusion into relationships and social spheres formed another critical dimension. Participants recounted challenges maintaining intimacy, communicating about changed bodies, and renegotiating sexual norms with partners. For some, cancer catalyzed strengthened partnerships founded on empathy and mutual support; for others, it precipitated distancing and loss. The uncertainty of fertility potential or altered reproductive trajectories introduced existential concerns around legacy, parenthood, and life planning, provoking grief and hope in equal measure.
Technically, the research employed framework analysis, a rigorous qualitative method facilitating systematic data organization and thematic extraction. Researchers meticulously engaged with focus group transcripts to identify two major thematic domains: one inward-facing, capturing direct impacts on sexual and reproductive health; and another outward-facing, encompassing social, relational, and community influences. This bifocal lens enables a holistic understanding that integrates biological, psychological, and socio-cultural dimensions.
Crucially, the engagement of patient partners at every stage ensured the study’s responsiveness to patient priorities and language accessibility. This collaborative ethos addresses historical power imbalances in research, transforming patients from subjects into active contributors. Such participatory designs are pivotal for generating knowledge that is not only accurate but also actionable within clinical settings aimed at supporting AYA populations.
The implications of these findings are far-reaching. Clinicians are urged to adopt more comprehensive, affirming approaches to sexual and reproductive health counseling tailored to the unique developmental and identity-related challenges of AYAs. This means expanding dialogue beyond fertility preservation alone to include nuanced discussions about sexual function, emotional intimacy, and community resources. Training healthcare providers to recognize and dismantle heteronormative and cisnormative biases is essential to bridge care gaps.
Moreover, institutionally, cancer centers and support organizations should prioritize the creation of specialized services and peer support networks that reflect the diversity of the AYA demographic. Culturally sensitive interventions that integrate psychosocial and medical considerations can mitigate isolation and stigma. Incorporating PRPs in program design and delivery ensures relevance and trust, fostering environments where AYAs feel “enough” despite cancer’s upheavals—a sentiment poignantly expressed by study participants.
This research also underscores the necessity of longitudinal studies examining how sexual and reproductive health evolves post-treatment. Long-term follow-up can inform survivorship care models, addressing late effects and fostering resilience. Technological innovations, including telemedicine, may offer novel platforms for confidential, accessible support, particularly for marginalized groups dispersed across diverse geographic regions like Canada.
In a broader scientific context, these findings compel a reconceptualization of cancer care for AYAs, integrating biopsychosocial frameworks that honor identity, agency, and intersectionality. They challenge reductionist paradigms that privilege tumor eradication over holistic wellness, advocating instead for person-centered paradigms that recognize the profound interplay between physical illness and intimate life domains.
Ultimately, the study titled “‘Cancer changes everything, but it makes you wonder—am I still enough?’” serves as a clarion call to researchers, clinicians, and policymakers alike. It demands that the medical community reckon with the pervasive yet often invisible disruptions cancer imposes on sexual and reproductive health, and respond with innovative, empathetic care models. In doing so, we honor the complexity of adolescent and young adult cancer patients’ lived realities, acknowledging that healing transcends the physical to encompass the deeply human quest for belonging and self-acceptance.
As healthcare systems evolve, integrating these insights promises not only improved quality of life but also the restoration of dignity and hope. This research exemplifies how listening to patients’ voices, especially within supportive communal frameworks, unveils hidden challenges and informs transformative change. By broadening scientific inquiry to include sexual and reproductive dimensions alongside oncological outcomes, the study paves the way toward more holistic, inclusive cancer care that truly changes everything—for the better.
Subject of Research: Sexual and reproductive health experiences of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients
Article Title: “Cancer changes everything, but it makes you wonder—am I still enough?” serial focus groups with adolescent and young adult cancer patients to understand experiences with cancer and sexual and reproductive health
Article References:
Oveisi, N., Cheng, V., Taylor, D. et al. “Cancer changes everything, but it makes you wonder—am I still enough?” serial focus groups with adolescent and young adult cancer patients to understand experiences with cancer and sexual and reproductive health. BMC Cancer 25, 1253 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14561-7
Image Credits: Scienmag.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14561-7
Tags: adolescent cancer patientsadolescent health disparitiescancer and relationshipsco-creation in clinical studiesemotional effects of cancerfocus groups in healthcareidentity impact of cancerpatient-centered cancer researchreproductive health challengessexual health and cancersexuality and self-identityyoung adult oncology research
