Credit: Yale Cancer Center
New Haven, Conn. — Drinking artificially-sweetened beverages is associated with a significantly lower risk of colon cancer recurrence and cancer death, a team of investigators led by a Yale Cancer Center scientist has found. The study was published today in the journal The Public Library of Science One or PLOS ONE.
"Artificially sweetened drinks have a checkered reputation in the public because of purported health risks that have never really been documented," said the study's senior author, Charles S. Fuchs, MD, MPH, director of Yale Cancer Center. "Our study clearly shows they help avoid cancer recurrence and death in patients who have been treated for advanced colon cancer and that is an exciting finding,"
Fuchs and his team of researchers found that in the 1,018-patient analysis, those participants who drank one or more 12-ounce serving of artificially sweetened beverages per day experienced a 46 percent improvement in risk of cancer recurrence or death, compared to those who didn't drink these beverages. These were "soft drinks," defined as caffeinated colas, caffeine-free colas, and other carbonated beverages (such as diet ginger ale).
A second analysis found that about half that benefit was due to substituting an artificially sweetened beverage for a beverage sweetened with sugar.
"A growing body of literature suggests that poor dietary habits, such as high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, may increase risk of colon cancer recurrence and patient mortality," said the study's first author, Brendan J. Guercio, MD, a medical resident at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute when the research was conducted, but now a hospitalist at Brigham and Women's Hospital. "For colon cancer patients who have trouble abstaining from sweet beverages, choosing artificially sweetened options over sugar-sweetened beverages may allow them to avoid those health ramifications."
"While the association between lower colon cancer recurrence and death was somewhat stronger than we suspected, the finding fits in with all that we know about colon cancer risk in general," Fuchs said. "Factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, a diet linked to diabetes — all of which lead to an excess energy balance — are known risk factors. We now find that, in terms of colon cancer recurrence and survival, use of artificially sweetened drinks is not a health risk, but is, in this study, a healthier choice."
This research follows on the heels of a number of publications of studies that prospectively followed stage III colon cancer patients enrolled in a National Cancer Institute-supported clinical trial testing two different forms of postsurgical chemotherapy. Participants completed comprehensive nutrition questionnaires probing consumption of more than 130 different foods and drinks over the span of many months. One questionnaire was given as patients underwent chemotherapy between 1999 and 2001, and then was given again six months after chemotherapy ended. Investigators then tracked cancer recurrence and patient death rates for about seven years, and found, among other things, that the two chemotherapy regiments offered equitable benefits.
The studies, which were embedded as part of the overall clinical trial, were designed to find associations between specific foods/drinks and colon cancer risk and death. They were not aiming to prove definitive cause and effects.
One study found that clinical trial participants who drank coffee had a substantially reduced risk of cancer recurrence and death. Another found a similar benefit in patients who ate tree nuts. This study looked at artificially sweetened beverages because an earlier study concluded sweetened beverages dramatically increased risk of colon cancer development.
"We wanted to ask the question if, after cancer has developed and advanced, would a change in lifestyle – drinking artificially sweetened beverages – change outcome of the cancer post-surgery?" Fuchs said.
He added that the health impact of such soft drinks should be studied. "Concerns that artificial sweeteners may increase the incidence of obesity, diabetes, and cancer have been raised, but studies on issues such as weight gain and diabetes have been very mixed, and, regarding cancer, epidemiologic studies in humans have not demonstrated such relationships."
- Increasing artificially sweetened beverage intake was associated with significantly lower risk of cancer recurrence or death after adjusting for other predictors of cancer recurrence.
- These associations persisted after adjusting for potential cofounders, including measures of energy balance, such as body mass index, physical activity, and consumption of a prediabetic "Western" diet – all known and suspected predictors of patient outcome.
- The median follow-up from the first questionnaire was 7.3 years. During this time, 348 of the 1,018 patients experienced colon cancer recurrence or new primary tumors; 265 of these patients died.
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Other study co-authors are Sui Zhang, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Robert J. Mayer, Shuji Ogino, Kimmie Ng, and Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt from Dana-Farber; Donna Niedzwiecki from Duke University; Yanping Li, Meir Stampfer, Kana Wu, Edward L. Giovannucci, and Walter C. Willett from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Leonard B. Saltz from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Rex B. Mowat from Toledo Community Hospital Oncology Program; Renaud Whittom from Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Canada; Alexander Hantel from Edward-Elmhurst Healthcare; Al Benson from Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern; Daniel Atienza from Virginia Oncology Associates; Michael Messino from Southeast Clinical Oncology Research (SCOR) Consortium; Hedy Kindler from University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer; Alan Venook University of California at San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center; and Emilie S. Zoltick from Boston University School of Medicine.
Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Numbers U10CA180821 and U10CA180882 (to the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology), U10CA180820 (ECOG-ACRIN), and U10A80888 (SWOG). Additional support was provided under U10CA060138, U10CA180791, U10CA180836, U10CA180867, UG1CA189858, and from Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, now Pfizer Oncology.
The work was also supported in part from the National Cancer Institute (K07 CA148894, R01 CA118553, R01 CA149222, R01 CA169141, P50 CA127003, R01 CA149222, and R35 CA197735). Additional support came from a grant from the American Institute for Cancer Research, NIH NHLBI T32HL125232, and by the P30 Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG) (P30 CA008748) to Memorial Sloan Kettering.
About Yale Cancer Center
Yale Cancer Center (YCC) is one of only 49 National Cancer Institute (NCI-designated comprehensive cancer) centers in the nation and the only such center in southern New England. Comprehensive cancer centers play a vital role in the advancement of the NCI's goal of reducing morbidity and mortality from cancer through scientific research, cancer prevention, and innovative cancer treatment.
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