Exercise, particularly high-impact activity, builds stronger bones in children, even for those who carry genetic variants that predispose them to bone weakness, according to new research. The scientists say their findings underscore that genetics does not necessarily equate to destiny, and reinforce the importance of physical activity as a key factor to improve the bone health of children in the present and into later life.
"While we have known for decades that physical activity during childhood builds up bone and confers lifelong benefits, we did not know whether the effects of activity depend on genetic risks for bone fragility," said first author Jonathan A. Mitchell, Ph.D., a pediatric researcher and Instructor of Pediatrics at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). "This study was the first to show that physical activity can counteract the negative effects of genetic variants that associate with bone fragility in childhood."
The research appeared online May 12 in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.
The study team, co-led by senior authors Babette S. Zemel, Ph.D., and Struan F.A. Grant, Ph.D., both from CHOP, analyzed a cohort of 918 children and adolescents, from 5 to 19 years old, all of European ancestry, who were part of a larger study group, the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study. That national study enrolled healthy U.S. children at five sites starting in 2002, with follow-up visits lasting until 2009.
The current researchers used questionnaires in which study participants estimated their amount and type of physical activity during childhood. The study team also measured the participants' bone density and genotyped their DNA for over 60 genetic variants known to be associated with bone density.
The researchers found that across the board, children had higher bone density scores if they had higher levels of physical activity. This even applied to those with a higher genetic risk for bone fragility. Importantly, the benefits of activity were driven entirely by high-impact, weight-bearing activity, such as gymnastics and soccer, which involve sprinting, turning or jumping actions.
The researchers note that replication studies by other groups are going to be needed to follow up their study, and that other groups should investigate similar questions in populations other than the children of European ancestry covered in this analysis.
However, based on their current results, the researchers advise that pediatricians, schools and child activity programs should encourage high-impact physical activity for children who are generally healthy.
The current Physical Activity Guidelines issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommend that children and adolescents accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity every day. "Our data support the activity guidelines and specifically indicate that more emphasis should be placed on accumulating high-impact, weight-bearing physical activity for improved bone health," said Zemel, the director of CHOP's Nutrition and Growth Laboratory, and a national expert on childhood growth and bone density.
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Funds from the National Institutes of Health (grant HD58886, TR000077 and HL123612) and contracts from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (contracts HD-1-3228, -3329, -3330, -3331, -3332, and -3333) supported this research.
In addition to their CHOP positions, Mitchell, Zemel and Grant are in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Collaborating co-authors were from CHOP, Penn Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Creighton University, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Columbia University Medical Center, and the University of California, San Francisco.
"Physical activity benefits the skeleton of children genetically predisposed to lower bone density in adulthood," Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, published online May 12, 2016. http://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2872
About The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia was founded in 1855 as the nation's first pediatric hospital. Through its long-standing commitment to providing exceptional patient care, training new generations of pediatric healthcare professionals and pioneering major research initiatives, Children's Hospital has fostered many discoveries that have benefited children worldwide. Its pediatric research program is among the largest in the country. In addition, its unique family-centered care and public service programs have brought the 535-bed hospital recognition as a leading advocate for children and adolescents. For more information, visit http://www.chop.edu.
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