Qubits comprised of holes could be the trick to build faster, larger quantum computers

A new study indicates holes the solution to operational speed/coherence trade-off, potential scaling up of qubits to a mini-quantum computer.

Quantum computers are predicted to be much more powerful and functional than today’s ‘classical’ computers.

One way to make a quantum bit is to use the ‘spin’ of an electron, which can point either up or down. To make quantum computers as fast and power-efficient as possible we would like to operate them using only electric fields, which are applied using ordinary electrodes.

Although spin does not ordinarily ‘talk’ to electric fields, in some materials spins can interact with electric fields indirectly, and these are some of the hottest materials currently studied in quantum computing.

The interaction that enables spins to talk to electric fields is called the spin-orbit interaction, and is traced all the way back to Einstein’s theory of relativity.

The fear of quantum-computing researchers has been that when this interaction is strong, any gain in operation speed would be offset by a loss in coherence (essentially, how long we can preserve quantum information).

“If electrons start to talk to the electric fields we apply in the lab, this means they are also exposed to unwanted, fluctuating electric fields that exist in any material (generically called `noise’) and those electrons’ fragile quantum information would be destroyed,” says A/Prof Dimi Culcer (UNSW/FLEET), who led the theoretical roadmap study.

“But our study has shown this fear is not justified.”

“Our theoretical studies show that a solution is reached by using holes, which can be thought of as the absence of an electron, behaving like positively-charged electrons.”

In this way, a quantum bit can be made robust against charge fluctuations stemming from the solid background.

Moreover, the ‘sweet spot’ at which the qubit is least sensitive to such noise is also the point at which it can be operated the fastest.

“Our study predicts such a point exists in every quantum bit made of holes and provides a set of guidelines for experimentalists to reach these points in their labs,” says Dimi.

Reaching these points will facilitate experimental efforts to preserve quantum information for as long as possible. This will also provide strategies for ‘scaling up’ quantum bits – ie, building an ‘array’ of bits that would work as a mini-quantum computer.

“This theoretical prediction is of key importance for scaling up quantum processors and first experiments have already been carried out,” says Prof Sven Rogge of the Centre for Quantum Computing and Communication Technology (CQC²T).”

“Our recent experiments on hole qubits using acceptors in silicon already demonstrated longer coherence times than we expected,” says A/Prof Joe Salfi of the University of British Columbia. “It is encouraging to see that these observations rest on a firm theoretical footing. The prospects for hole qubits are bright indeed.”

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The paper Optimal operation points for ultrafast, highly coherent Ge hole spin-orbit qubits was published in Nature partner journal npj Quantum Information in April 2021. (DOI: 10.1038/s41534-021-00386-2)

This paper is a collaboration between FLEET (the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronic Technologies), CQC²T (the ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology) and the University of British Columbia (Vancouver, Canada).