NIH researchers discover gene for rare disease of excess bone tissue growth

WHAT:
Researchers at the National Institutes of Health have discovered a second gene that causes melorheostosis, a rare group of conditions involving an often painful and disfiguring overgrowth of bone tissue. The gene, SMAD3, is part of a pathway that regulates cell development and growth. The researchers are now working to develop an animal model with a mutant version of SMAD3 to test potential treatments for the condition. The study appears in the Journal of Experimental Medicine.

Melorheostosis affects about 1 in 1 million people. Its causes have long been unknown. DNA tests of blood and skin could not identify a mutation. The key to finding the gene was to biopsy the affected bone directly and compare it to unaffected bone. Earlier, the researchers used this method to discover the gene for “dripping candle wax bone disease,” a form of melorheostosis in which excess bone growth appears to drip from the bone surface like hot wax. In that study, mutations in the gene MAP2K1 accounted for eight cases of the disease among 15 patients.

In the current study, researchers scanned the exome–the part of the genome that codes for proteins– and found mutations in the affected bone. These mutations occurred during the patient’s lifetime rather than being inherited from parents and are not present in all the cells of the body.

The researchers found SMAD3 mutations in four of the patients who did not have mutations in MAP2K1. SMAD3 is involved in a pathway crucial for skeletal development both before and after birth. The SMAD3 mutations increase the maturation of bone-forming cells and are involved in a cellular pathway distinct from the MAPK2K1 pathway.

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The study was conducted by researchers at NIH’s Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and the NIH Clinical Center, as well as the Ludwig-Boltzman Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital in Vienna, Austria.

WHO:
Senior author Joan Marini, M.D., chief of the NICHD Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, is available for comment.

ARTICLE:
Kang, H. et al. Somatic SMAD3 activating mutations cause melorheostosis by upregulating the TGF-β/SMAD pathway. Journal of Experimental Medicine. DOI:10.1084/jem.20191499

About the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD): NICHD leads research and training to understand human development, improve reproductive health, enhance the lives of children and adolescents, and optimize abilities for all. For more information, visit https://www.nichd.nih.gov.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation’s medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit https://www.nih.gov.