The plasma membrane serves as a major hub for signal cascades to control crucial cellular processes. But it is a fluid medium, which makes the signaling processes difficult to monitor. Now, German scientists have designed a molecular "paintbrush" technique to trigger, control, and also monitor signaling processes. As they write in the journal Angewandte Chemie, their modular system made of light-activatable molecular building blocks can, for example, induce patterned contraction inside living cells.
The plasma membrane is a tight lipid barrier surrounding the cell. Membrane proteins control the influx and efflux of water, ions, proteins, and other compounds. Extracellular signals are transduced by receptors through the membrane to trigger intracellular processes like cell movement or differentiation. The visualization of such events at a molecular level is still a major challenge, mainly because of the fast diffusion of the protein receptors in the plasma membrane. Therefore, the groups of Leif Dehmelt at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and Yaowen Wu at the Chemicals Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Germany, have developed a new technology termed "Molecular Activity Painting" (MAP), which combines immobilization and light-controlled activation: Artificial receptors tightly anchored on the cell substrate are furnished with a designed modular molecular system. One light pulse activates the modular building blocks, which can trigger localized signal cascades eventually leading to movements of the cytoskeleton. This technology makes the cellular response visible like a stroke of a brush on the membrane.
The core of the MAP technology is a soluble multicomponent molecule assembled from four functional parts: a chloroalkyl moiety, a polymeric (PEG) linker, a molecular group called trimethroprim or TMP, and a light-sensitive group called Nvoc. This "caged chemical dimerizer", as it is called, can fulfill several tasks: Through its chloroalkyl moiety, it binds to an artificial receptor, which is tightly anchored and immobilized on the cell substrate. The Nvoc group can be removed ("uncaged") by a single light pulse. The uncaged TMP moiety is then targeted by a designed factor to induce a signal cascade in the cell. The whole system is aimed at one purpose: control and visualization of molecular function in living cells.
Using this technology, the scientists induced a patterned actomyosin contraction inside a living mammalian cell. Or, more exactly, they "painted" the letter "N" on the plasma membrane of a live cell. "'Molecular Activity Painting' […] enables switch-like, patterned perturbations of regulatory networks with micrometer precision," the scientists propose.
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About the Author
Dr. Leif Dehmelt is a group leader at the Department of Systemic Cell Biology of the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology of the Technische Universität Dortmund, Germany. His research group studies the mechanisms by which cells develop their complex shape with a particular focus on the mechanisms that underlie the self-organization of the cytoskeleton. Dr. Yaowen Wu is a group leader at the Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society in Dortmund, Germany. His research group develops small molecules and new chemical methods for protein manipulation, with a particular focus on regulatory mechanisms in membrane trafficing and autophagy.
http://www.mpi-dortmund.mpg.de/forschungsgruppen/dehmelt
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Story Source: Materials provided by Scienmag
