In the realm of retinal diseases, macular edema (ME) stands as a formidable adversary to central vision, frequently undermining the clarity and sharpness that define human sight. Characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the macula—the retina’s central zone responsible for high-resolution vision—ME arises primarily due to retinal vascular leakage in disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), and diabetic retinopathy. Clinically, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections have emerged as the cornerstone treatment, aiming to curb pathological blood vessel proliferation and permeability. However, despite widespread clinical use, the intricate biochemical cascades elicited by anti-VEGF therapy within the eye’s microenvironment have remained largely elusive.
A groundbreaking metabolomics investigation, recently published in Eye and Vision, has illuminated the complex metabolic reprogramming induced by anti-VEGF treatment in ME patients. By meticulously analyzing aqueous humor— the clear fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye—before and after therapeutic intervention, researchers at Wenzhou Medical University have provided an unprecedented molecular map detailing how anti-VEGF injections remodel the ocular metabolic landscape. Employing untargeted liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), the team identified 145 metabolites with significantly altered abundance post-therapy, delineating profound shifts across amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolic pathways.
This pioneering study encompassed a cohort of 60 ME patients stratified into three etiological subtypes: 20 patients each with ME secondary to AMD, BRVO, and diabetic macular edema (DME). By conducting paired analyses of aqueous humor samples taken pre-treatment and approximately one month following anti-VEGF injections, the researchers captured dynamic metabolic adaptations unique to each pathological context. The dataset revealed 84 metabolites exhibiting upregulated profiles and 61 demonstrating downregulation post-treatment. Notably, these alterations did not occur uniformly but instead revealed distinct metabolic “signatures” aligned with individual disease mechanisms.
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In AMD-associated ME, the data illuminated a substantial reconfiguration of amino acid metabolism accompanied by the attenuation of critical energy-related pathways, specifically the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and purine metabolism. Given the reliance of retinal cells on tightly regulated energy homeostasis, these changes suggest that anti-VEGF therapy intricately modulates bioenergetic fluxes, possibly mitigating oxidative stress or metabolic imbalances intrinsic to AMD pathogenesis. Simultaneously, BRVO-ME patients displayed marked suppression of lipid metabolism, with particular emphasis on fatty acid biosynthesis pathways and alterations in glycerophospholipid composition, hinting at membrane remodeling and vascular integrity adjustments pivotal to disease resolution.
Conversely, DME patients exhibited a multifaceted metabolic response, characterized by widespread perturbations spanning amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate biochemistry. Perturbations included enhanced cysteine–methionine metabolism and elevations in sphingolipid metabolic intermediates, underscoring a complex interplay between redox regulation, inflammatory signaling, and membrane dynamics. Intriguingly, across all ME subtypes, there were convergent trends: glucose concentrations increased while homocysteine levels decreased following anti-VEGF therapy. These metabolic shifts likely reflect universal pathways of vascular normalization and angiogenic suppression central to the pharmacological action of anti-VEGF agents.
This research not only delineates the metabolic underpinnings of anti-VEGF efficacy but also challenges the reductionist view of the therapy solely as a vascular permeability modulator. Instead, it posits that therapeutic benefit emerges from a comprehensive biochemical reprogramming within the ocular milieu. By cataloging these metabolic footprints, Dr. Meng Zhou and colleagues have opened a novel frontier in ophthalmic precision medicine, where metabolic profiling could foresee treatment responsiveness, optimize dosing regimens, and preempt therapeutic resistance.
The implications extend beyond patient stratification. These findings suggest that adjunctive therapeutic strategies targeting specific metabolic axes—for instance, lipid metabolism modulation in BRVO or amino acid pathway regulation in AMD—could potentiate anti-VEGF outcomes. Real-time metabolite monitoring post-injection could serve as a dynamic biomarker platform, providing clinicians with actionable insights into individual patient trajectories and enabling tailored intervention adjustments before clinical deterioration manifests.
From a methodological perspective, the use of high-resolution LC–MS/MS in this study exemplifies the power of untargeted metabolomics in capturing global biochemical transitions within complex biological fluids. The aqueous humor, though challenging to obtain, offers a direct window into intraocular physiology, circumventing limitations inherent in systemic biomarker studies. The analytical depth afforded by this approach facilitates hypothesis generation regarding molecular drivers of disease and therapeutic response, setting the stage for subsequent mechanistic and translational research.
Moreover, the study’s design, encompassing multiple ME etiologies, underscores the heterogeneity of retinal vascular diseases and the necessity for subtype-specific investigations. By dissecting metabolic signatures unique to AMD, BRVO, and DME, the authors demonstrate that a one-size-fits-all approach to ME management is insufficient. Instead, these data advocate for metabolic-guided diagnostics and therapies that recognize and harness disease-specific biochemical landscapes.
The pathway modifications identified also provide fertile ground for exploring novel drug targets. For example, the observed suppression of purine metabolism and the TCA cycle in AMD-ME patients post-treatment may point towards mitochondria-centric interventions that preserve retinal energetics. Likewise, the lipid metabolic changes in BRVO-ME could inspire lipidomics-informed therapeutics aimed at vascular homeostasis restoration. In DME, where systemic metabolic dysregulation intertwines with ocular pathology, integrated approaches combining systemic metabolic control with local anti-VEGF therapy could be envisioned.
In sum, this study delineates an intricate tableau of metabolic adaptations in response to anti-VEGF therapy for macular edema. It transcends traditional ophthalmological paradigms by leveraging metabolomics to unravel the biochemical choreography underpinning vision restoration. As metabolomic technologies become increasingly accessible and integrated into clinical workflows, such insights promise to revolutionize personalized medicine paradigms in ophthalmology, transforming the diagnostic, therapeutic, and monitoring landscape of retinal vascular diseases globally.
Subject of Research: Not applicable
Article Title: Metabolomics analysis uncovers metabolic changes and remodeling of anti-VEGF therapy on macular edema
News Publication Date: 14-Jul-2025
References:
DOI: 10.1186/s40662-025-00444-2
Image Credits: Eye and Vision
Keywords: Health care
Tags: age-related macular degeneration treatmentsanti-VEGF injections for retinal conditionsaqueous humor analysis in ophthalmologybiochemical cascades in ocular treatmentsimpact of metabolites on visionmacular edema and vision lossmetabolic reprogramming in eye therapiesmetabolic secrets of anti-VEGF therapymetabolomics in eye healthretinal diseases and macular edemaretinal vascular leakage and eye diseasesuntargeted LC-MS/MS in biomedical research
