In recent years, the ubiquity of smartphones among adolescents has become a defining characteristic of modern youth culture. By the time children reach the age of 12, ownership of a mobile phone is nearly universal, and engagement with social media platforms has become a routine part of daily life. Teens report spending between four to six hours a day on their phones, with social media consumption accounting for two to four of those hours. This extensive screen time has raised significant concerns regarding its impact on mental health, with multiple studies linking heavy smartphone and social media use to adverse psychological outcomes.
Given the high prevalence of mental health issues such as anxiety and depression in adolescents—estimated at approximately one in five among those aged 11 to 16 in the UK—schools have sought to intervene through policy measures aimed at curbing smartphone use during the school day. These restrictive policies often include prohibitions on phone usage for recreational purposes, requiring devices to be turned off and stored away—whether in bags, lockers, dedicated pouches, or handed over to school reception—effectively minimizing access during instructional time. Conversely, permissive policies allow for phone use under certain conditions or during specific times such as breaks or lunch periods, often delineating “safe zones” for usage, typically outdoors.
Despite the widespread implementation of these varying approaches, empirical evidence on their efficacy, particularly in relation to mental wellbeing and academic performance, has been elusive. Recent pioneering research conducted through the SMART Schools study—a comprehensive observational investigation comparing restrictive and permissive smartphone policies among secondary schools in England—has aimed to fill this gap with a rigorous health economics perspective. Data were gathered from a substantial cohort of 815 pupils aged 12 to 15 across 20 schools, supplemented by input from 36 teachers and 20 senior staff members responsible for policy enforcement. Data collection occurred over a one-year span, from November 2022 to November 2023.
The core of the investigation employed cost-utility analysis, an evaluative framework widely used in health economics to assess the balance between costs incurred and health-related quality of life outcomes. The primary metrics utilized were Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs), which quantify health outcomes by integrating length and quality of life into a single index, and a mental-health specific analogue named Mental Wellbeing Adjusted Life Years (MWALYs). These metrics enable comparisons between different interventions based on their cost-effectiveness relative to improvements in health.
The findings of the SMART Schools study were illuminating, if somewhat unexpected. Differences in mental wellbeing and quality of life between students attending schools with restrictive smartphone policies and those with more lenient ones were minimal, bordering on negligible. This suggests that simply banning or limiting phone use during the school day does not inherently translate into enhanced mental health or overall pupil wellbeing.
An additional, and perhaps more consequential, insight emerged from the study’s assessment of staff time dedicated to managing phone-related behavior. Irrespective of the policy type, school personnel devoted a considerable portion of their workweek to monitoring and enforcing smartphone guidelines, equating to roughly three full-time equivalent staff members per school. Intriguingly, the time expenditure did not differ significantly between restrictive and permissive schools, indicating that managing adolescent phone use imposes a substantial operational burden on educational institutions regardless of the regulatory framework.
From an economic standpoint, the analysis revealed that restrictive phone policies confer a modest cost saving, averaging £94 per pupil per academic year compared to permissive policies. However, the cost-effectiveness of these savings hinges on the willingness-to-pay threshold defined by health economic standards—typically set between £20,000 and £30,000 per QALY in the UK context. Given the marginal differences in wellbeing outcomes observed, the restrictive policies barely achieve this threshold, underscoring the limited financial justification for their broad adoption based on current evidence.
It is essential to contextualize these conclusions within the inherent limitations of observational research. The SMART Schools study did not include pre- and post-implementation data on smartphone policies, preventing definitive causal inferences. Furthermore, the complex interplay between smartphone usage patterns, individual psychological factors, and broader socio-environmental influences complicates the attribution of mental health outcomes directly to school smartphone policies.
Nevertheless, the study’s comprehensive data contributes valuable nuance to policymaking discussions. Rather than focusing solely on restrictive measures, educational stakeholders might consider refining existing policies and routines to optimize resource allocation—particularly by reducing the staff time required for the regulation of phone use, which could be redirected toward more impactful educational and wellbeing initiatives.
The researchers emphasize the persistent knowledge gap regarding evidence-based best practices for managing adolescent engagement with smartphones and social media within educational settings. Consequently, future interventions must be designed with robust evaluative frameworks embedded from the outset, enabling rigorous assessment of their psychological, academic, and economic impacts.
This research signals a pivot toward a more sophisticated understanding of digital technology’s role in adolescent school life. While controlling phone use in schools remains a widespread goal, the simplistic notion that restrictive policies inherently foster better mental health is challenged. Effective strategies will likely require nuanced approaches that balance autonomy, digital literacy education, and mental health support, tailored to the complexities of contemporary adolescent experiences.
In summary, the SMART Schools health economic analysis presents crucial evidence on the limited efficacy of restrictive smartphone policies in improving adolescent mental wellbeing within schools. It also draws attention to the operational costs borne by staff in managing these policies, advocating for a strategic rethinking of practices to enhance educational outcomes and support adolescent health in the digital age.
Subject of Research: People
Article Title: Health economics analysis of restrictive school smartphone policies in secondary schools in England (SMART Schools)
News Publication Date: 10-Feb-2026
Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjment-2025-301892
Keywords: Smartphones, Children, Adolescents, Students, Mental health
Tags: adolescent anxiety and depression ratesadolescent screen time statisticsbalance between technology and educationeffects of smartphone restrictions on staff costsimpact of smartphones on mental healthmanaging smartphone use in educational settingsmental health issues in adolescentspolicies for smartphone management in classroomsrestrictive smartphone policies in schoolsschool intervention strategies for smartphone usesmartphone guidelines for schoolssocial media usage among teenagers
