Predicting psychosis before it occurs

The onset of psychosis can be predicted before it occurs, using a machine-learning tool which can classify MRI brain scans into those who are healthy and those at risk of a psychotic episode. An international consortium including researchers from the University of Tokyo, used the classifier to compare scans from over 2,000 people from 21 global locations. About half of the participants had been identified as being clinically at high risk of developing psychosis. Using training data, the classifier was 85% accurate at differentiating between people who were not at risk and those who later experienced overt psychotic symptoms. Using new data, it was 73% accurate. This tool could be helpful in future clinical settings, as while most people who experience psychosis make a full recovery, earlier intervention typically leads to better outcomes with less negative impact on people’s lives.

Anyone might experience a psychotic episode, which commonly involves delusions, hallucinations or disorganized thinking. There is no single cause, but it can be triggered by illness or injury, trauma, drug or alcohol use, medication, or a genetic predisposition. Although it can be scary or unsettling, psychosis is treatable and most people recover. As the most common age for a first episode is during adolescence or early adulthood, when the brain and body are undergoing a lot of change, it can be difficult to identify young people in need of help. 

“At most only 30% of clinical high-risk individuals later have overt psychotic symptoms, while the remaining 70% do not,” explained Associate Professor Shinsuke Koike from the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Tokyo. “Therefore, clinicians need help to identify those who will go on to have psychotic symptoms using not only subclinical signs, such as changes in thinking, behavior and emotions, but also some biological markers.”

The consortium of researchers have worked together to create a machine-learning tool which uses brain MRI scans to identify people at risk of psychosis before it starts. Previous studies using brain MRI have suggested that structural differences occur in the brain after the onset of psychosis. However, this is reportedly the first time that differences in the brains of those who are at very high risk but have not yet experienced psychosis have been identified.

The team from 21 different institutions in 15 different countries gathered a large and diverse group of adolescent and young adult participants. According to Koike, MRI research into psychotic disorders can be challenging because variations in brain development and in MRI machines make it difficult to get very accurate, comparable results. Also, with young people, it can be difficult to differentiate between changes that are taking place because of typical development and those due to mental illness. 

“Different MRI models have different parameters which also influence the results,” explained Koike. “Just like with cameras, varied instruments and shooting specifications create different images of the same scene, in this case the participant’s brain. However, we were able to correct for these differences and create a classifier which is well tuned to predicting psychosis onset.”

The participants were divided into three groups of people at clinical high risk: those who later developed psychosis; those who didn’t develop psychosis; and people with uncertain follow-up status (1,165 people in total for all three groups), and a fourth group of healthy controls for comparison (1,029 people). Using the scans, the researchers trained a machine-learning algorithm to identify patterns in the brain anatomy of the participants. From these four groups, the researchers used the algorithm to classify participants into two main groups of interest: healthy controls and those at high risk who later developed overt psychotic symptoms.  

In training, the tool was 85% accurate at classifying the results, while in the final test using new data it was 73% accurate at predicting which participants were at high risk of psychosis onset. Based on the results, the team considers that providing brain MRI scans for people identified as being at clinically high risk may be helpful for predicting future psychosis onset. 

“We still have to test whether the classifier will work well for new sets of data. Since some of the software we used is best for a fixed data set, we need to build a classifier that can robustly classify MRIs from new sites and machines, a challenge which a national brain science project in Japan, called Brain/MINDS Beyond, is now taking on,” said Koike. “If we can do this successfully, we can create more robust classifiers for new data sets, which can then be applied to real-life and routine clinical settings.”

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Paper Title:

Yinghan Zhu, Norihide Maikusa, Joaquim Radua, Philipp G. Sämann, Paolo Fusar-Poli, Ingrid Agartz, Ole A. Andreassen, Peter Bachman, Inmaculada Baeza, Xiaogang Chen, Sunah Choi, Cheryl M. Corcoran, Bjørn H. Ebdrup, Adriana Fortea, Ranjini RG. Garani, Birte Yding Glenthøj, Louise Birkedal Glenthøj, Shalaila S. Haas, Holly K. Hamilton, Rebecca A. Hayes, Ying He, Karsten Heekeren, Kiyoto Kasai, Naoyuki Katagiri, Minah Kim, Tina D. Kristensen, Jun Soo Kwon, Stephen M. Lawrie, Irina Lebedeva, Jimmy Lee, Rachel L. Loewy, Daniel H. Mathalon, Philip McGuire, Romina Mizrahi, Masafumi Mizuno, Paul Møller, Takahiro Nemoto, Dorte Nordholm, Maria A. Omelchenko, Jayachandra M. Raghava, Jan I. Røssberg, Wulf Rössler, Dean F. Salisbury, Daiki Sasabayashi, Lukasz Smigielski, Gisela Sugranyes, Tsutomu Takahashi, Christian K. Tamnes, Jinsong Tang, Anastasia Theodoridou, Alexander S. Tomyshev, Peter J. Uhlhaas, Tor G. Værnes, Therese AMJ. van Amelsvoort, James A. Waltz, Lars T. Westlye, Juan H. Zhou, Paul M. Thompson, Dennis Hernaus, Maria Jalbrzikowski, Shinsuke Koike, and the ENIGMA Clinical High Risk for Psychosis Working Group. Using Brain Structural Neuroimaging Measures to Predict Psychosis Onset for Individuals at Clinical High-Risk. Molecular Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02426-7

Funding:

This research was supported in part by AMED (Grant Number JP18dm0307001, JP18dm0307004, and JP19dm0207069), JST Moonshot R&D (JPMJMS2021), JSPS KAKENHI (JP23H03877 and JP21H02851), Takeda Science Foundation and SENSHIN Medical Research Foundation. This study was also supported by the International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), the University of Tokyo.

Conflicts of Interest:

Author OAO conducted a consultant to cortechs.ai, received speaker’s honorarium from Lundbeck, Janssen, Sunovion. 

Author BYG has been the leader of a Lundbeck Foundation Centre of Excellence for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) (January 2009 – December 2021), which was partially financed by an independent grant from the Lundbeck Foundation based on international review and partially financed by the Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, and other foundations. All grants are the property of the Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark and administrated by them. 

Other authors have no conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Useful Links
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences: https://www.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eng_site/ 

Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences: https://ecs.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/home/home.html 

Koike Lab: https://klab.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/ 

Research Contact:

Associate Professor Shinsuke Koike, M.D., Ph.D.
Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, 

Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
E-mail: [email protected] 

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