There are many ways a gene can be altered and there are many genes that, when altered, can cause cancer. Testing individually for each possible alteration in every cancer-related gene is not feasible as it would require hundreds of individual tests and many, many thousands of dollars. A University of Colorado Cancer Center case study published today in the journal JCO Precision Oncology highlights an alternative: Use testing that can look for gene alterations in many genes simultaneously. The technique results in the first published report describing successful targeting of MET fusion in a lung cancer patient.
In this study, researchers examined the tumor sample from a late-stage lung cancer patient using an assay that detects gene fusions in dozens of genes. The test identified a rare fusion involving the gene MET, leading researchers to treat the cancer with the targeted therapy crizotinib, which inhibits MET signaling (among other kinds of signaling). Now more than 8 months after the start of the targeted treatment, the patient who was diagnosed with stage IV lung cancer continues to show an almost complete response.
"The way we approach the workup and treatment of stage IV lung cancer patients includes broad molecular profiling, so that's what we did," says the patient's oncologist, Terry Ng, MD, senior fellow in clinical and translational research in thoracic oncology at CU Cancer Center and the CU School of Medicine.
Among the tests used for this molecular profiling was a relatively new assay called Archer FusionPlex, developed by a Boulder-based biotechnology company ArcherDX, and validated for clinical testing by the Colorado Molecular Correlates Laboratory (CMOCO), an advanced molecular diagnostics laboratory which is part of the Department of Pathology at the University of Colorado. Instead of testing for alterations in individual genes – for example, testing separately for changes to known oncogenes ALK, ROS1 or EGFR – the test explored an entire class of genetic changes, testing simultaneously for "gene fusions" in 53 cancer-related genes.
In these gene fusions, pieces of one gene accidently become attached to pieces from another. This creates "chimeric proteins" – new proteins made from parts of each – that can drive cancer growth. Two well-established examples of this in lung cancer are fusions involving genes ALK and ROS1. The gene MET has also been identified as a partner in cancer-causing fusions, and, in fact, other changes to the MET gene including mutation of MET, amplification of MET, and something called exon-14 skipping mutations have already been targeted by investigational drugs in lung cancer clinical trials. However, testing for MET fusions has been uncommon.
"The frequency of MET fusions is very low in lung cancer, well below one percent. You would never test for them individually. You need an assay that looks at many things simultaneously to catch these rare events," says Kurtis Davies, PhD, lead assay development scientist CMOCO.
Adding to the challenge is that identifying a MET fusion gene requires not only testing for MET, but testing in a very specific way.
"A lot of tests say they cover MET, but that doesn't mean they pick up this particular alteration. Depending on how you sequence MET and what regions you sequence, you may or may not find this alteration," says Robert C. Doebele, MD, PhD, CU Cancer Center investigator and associate professor of Medical Oncology at the CU School of Medicine.
In 2016, the patient who is from out-of-state, planned to spend three months in Denver visiting her daughter. She had previously been diagnosed with lung cancer and knew that while in Colorado she would need care from a local treatment team.
When she came to University of Colorado Hospital, "We could see her tumors growing," Ng says.
The team at CU Cancer Center requested a sample of the patient's tumor that had been removed during an earlier surgery, and used that sample for molecular testing.
"At CU, in addition to the tests that most community centers would use, looking for things like EGFR, PD-L1, ALK and ROS1, we do a broader panel. We look for KRAS, MET amplification, MET exon 14 skipping mutations, RET gene rearrangements, BRAF-V600 mutations, HER2 mutations and more. All those things were negative. But one other thing that we do is this RNA-based next-generation sequencing assay called FusionPlex. This NGS platform looks for gene fusions in 53 cancer-associated genes. The assay is unique in that is you don't need to know a gene's fusion partner to identify that there is a gene fusion," Ng says.
This is how the team identified the patient's MET fusion. The next step was deciding how to treat it.
"A lot of people don't know that the drug crizotinib was originally designed to be an inhibitor of the MET gene product," Davies says, pointing out that the drug's first FDA approval was not against MET but against ALK-positive lung cancer and was more recently approved to treat ROS1-positive lung cancer. "But the reality is that most drugs in this class hit many targets. Sometimes that's detrimental – it hits things you don't want to hit. This is an example of a case when it's beneficial."
In the current patient, this strategy of targeting MET with crizotinib showed dramatic results.
"Her first scan showed an almost complete response, a total absence of lung nodules," Ng says. Side effects included increased fatigue, "but overall nothing that was life-threatening or would keep her from continuing the drug," says Ng.
According to Doebele, the takeaway from this study is twofold. First, "This study shows the importance of broad molecular testing and also shows the importance of better transparency from commercial laboratories on what they cover," he says. And second, "This case report and another describing the use of crizotinib with MET translocation in gliobastoma suggest this is a reasonable non-FDA approved way to treat these patients. However, the approach needs to be studied in clinical trials, and we hope this case shows that MET translocations should be included in trials of drugs evaluating efficacy of MET inhibitors."
As for the patient, Ng says, "She came in to visit us the other day, and she told me that she felt so lucky to have come to see us in Colorado. Otherwise, she never would've discovered this Achilles heel in her cancer."
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Garth Sundem
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Related Journal Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/PO.17.00117
