More ancestral enzyme

The aconitase superfamily currently contains four functional enzymes including the archetypical aconitase (referred to as “other aconitase enzymes”), and one hypothetical aconitase X (AcnX). The aconitase enzymes catalyze the homologous stereospecific isomerization, and their three-dimensional structures and catalytic mechanisms including the [4Fe-4S] iron-sulfur cluster are very similar each other (Fig. 1a). Therefore, the aconitase superfamily (enzymes) is a typical example that is suitable for the so-called “recruitment hypothesis of enzyme evolution”; the gene duplication of multi-specific enzymes, followed by the narrowing of substrate specificity (ref. 1).

AcnX (subfamily) is further classified into “AcnX_Type-I” consisting of a single polypeptide, and “AcnX_Type-II” consisting of (fragmented) small and large polypeptide chains. In 2016, we first revealed that AcnX_Type-I enzyme from bacteria functions as a cis-3-hydroxy-L-proline (C3LHyp) dehydratase (Fig. 1b) (ref. 2). Furthermore, in 2018, other researchers reported that AcnX_Type-II enzyme from archaea functions as a mevalonate 5-phosphate (MVA5P) dehydratase (ref. 3). To elucidate their catalytic mechanisms, we herein report for the first time the crystal structures of AcnX_Type-I from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant pathogenic bacterium (AtAcnX), and AcnX_Type-II from Thermococcus kodakarensis, a hyperthermophilic archaeon (TkAcnX).

AtAcnX and TkAcnX commonly consisted of four domains (fragments), and their structural frameworks of each domain were similar to their counterparts of other aconitase enzymes (Fig. 2). TkAcnX had a cuboidal [3Fe-4S] cluster, which must be derived from the [4Fe-4S] cluster unit via the loss of one iron atom, similar to other aconitase enzymes (Fig. 3a, b). Surprisingly, AtAcnX had a planar [2Fe-2S] cluster (Fig. 3c, d). Most interesting question was whether AtAcnX and TkAcnX can recognize substrates without structural similarity. Collectively, the (superimposed) backbones of C3LHyp and MVA5P were recognized by homologous residues between AtAcnX and TkAcnX (Fig. 4a), whereas their specific structural moieties by different residues (Fig. 4b, c). Since the former residues are completely conserved in other aconitase enzymes, they must be “most ancestral” active sites for aconitase superfamily. Furthermore, the acyclic MVA5P is structurally similar to those of aconitase enzymes, whereas TkAcnX recognized the substrate through homologous manners to AtAcnX, suggesting that substrate specificities (and [4Fe-4S] clusters) for TkAcnX and other aconitase enzymes had acquired each other independently.

The common ancestor of aconitase superfamily (open circle in Fig. 5), appearing before the previously proposed one (closed circle), had a similar structural framework and a few residues as active site (described above), whereas there was no [Fe-S] cluster. These results provide novel insights into the evolutionary scenario of the aconitase superfamily based on the recruitment hypothesis, and requirement of complicated metabolic pathways in primordial cell.

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1. Jensen, R. A. (1976) Enzyme recruitment in evolution of new function. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 30, 409-425.

2. Watanabe, S., Tajima, K., Fujii, S., Fukumori, F., Hara, R., Fukuda, R., Miyazaki, M., Kino, K., Watanabe, Y. (2016) Functional characterization of aconitase X as a cis-3-hydroxy-L-proline dehydratase. Sci. Rep. 6, 38720.

3. Hayakawa, H., Motoyama, K., Sobue, F., Ito, T., Kawaide, H., Yoshimura, T., Hemmi, H. (2018) Modified mevalonate pathway of the archaeon Aeropyrum pernix proceeds via trans-anhydromevalonate 5-phosphate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 115, 10034-10039.