In the realm of endurance sports, where physical and mental fortitude are equally required, environmental conditions and psychological states critically influence performance outcomes. Activities such as long-distance running, cycling, and cross-country skiing demand prolonged exertion, necessitating the body’s metabolic and neuromuscular systems to function optimally despite external and internal stressors. Among these, ambient temperature and mental fatigue stand out as two pivotal factors modulating athletic endurance, yet their combined impact remains largely understudied. A groundbreaking investigation from Osaka Metropolitan University sheds light on how mental fatigue intertwined with cold exposure affects subsequent endurance exercise.
Endurance performance has long been known to respond variably to temperature fluctuations. Mild cold, often defined around 10°C (50°F), has been observed under certain conditions to enhance endurance capacities. This enhancement is postulated to originate from lowered thermoregulatory strain, allowing athletes to sustain effort without overheating. However, when cold exposure reaches extreme levels, physiological mechanisms begin to falter. Muscle contractility slows, nerve conduction velocity diminishes, and metabolic processes become less efficient, culminating in measurable deterioration of athletic output. This biphasic response underscores the complexity of thermoregulatory influences on human performance.
At the core of the physiological reactions to thermal stress is the Sympathetic Adrenal-Medullary (SAM) system, a neuroendocrine pathway activated during acute stress. Cold stress triggers sympathetic nervous system responses, releasing catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, which prime the body for rapid adaptation. However, sustained SAM activation can contribute to increased perception of fatigue and impaired motor output, potentially undermining exercise performance. Simultaneously, psychological stressors—manifesting as mental fatigue—invoke another critical axis, the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, which orchestrates glucocorticoid release and modulates energy allocation during cognitive demands.
Mental fatigue, generally defined as a psychobiological state induced by prolonged cognitive activity, adversely impacts motivation, perceptual judgment, and physical performance. In hot environments, prior studies have elucidated that mental fatigue exacerbates performance decline via activation of the HPA axis, thereby altering hormonal milieu and central nervous system drive. Contrastingly, the interplay between cold environmental stress and mental fatigue remains relatively obscure, prompting the research led by Associate Professor Daiki Imai and colleagues at Osaka Metropolitan University.
This study recruited nine healthy young male participants who underwent a controlled experimental protocol combining cognitive stress induction with whole-body cooling. Mental fatigue was provoked through Stroop color-word tasks, known for their efficacy in eliciting sustained cognitive effort and attentional resource depletion. Concurrently, a specialized body cooling suit maintained the participants’ skin and core temperatures at chilled levels, simulating cold environmental exposure. The research meticulously monitored endurance exercise performance post-intervention, alongside subjective fatigue ratings and biomarkers indicative of stress system activity.
Surprisingly, when evaluating mean group data, endurance performance did not significantly differ between mental fatigue with cold exposure and control conditions. This finding challenges the presumption that these stressors collectively produce additive detrimental effects on endurance capacity. Nonetheless, a more nuanced intra-individual analysis revealed a compelling trend: participants exhibiting elevated subjective fatigue experienced concomitant declines in endurance performance. This correlation highlights the intricate relationship between psychological state and physical output that transcends group averages.
Delving into the underlying physiological mechanisms, the research implicated the SAM system rather than the HPA axis in mediating fatigue increases associated with cold and mental stress. Biomarker assessments indicated elevated catecholamine activity concurrent with subjective fatigue reports, while cortisol levels—a hallmark of HPA activation—remained largely unchanged. This distinction refines our understanding of how different stress response pathways selectively contribute to performance impairment under combined environmental and cognitive burdens.
The implications of these findings reach far beyond laboratory settings. Winter sports athletes constantly wrestle with cold exposure and mental stressors, necessitating conditioning strategies that consider intertwined physiological and psychological dimensions. Similarly, workers in frigid conditions—such as those in outdoor construction or emergency services—could benefit from tailored interventions aiming to mitigate fatigue and maintain sustained performance. The study paves the way for developing evidence-based approaches to optimize human function under multifaceted stress.
Professor Imai emphasized that this research provides a solid scientific foundation for formulating conditioning methodologies that address cold-induced and mental fatigue challenges. The team intends to progress by identifying individual susceptibilities to these stressors, potentially enabling personalized strategies to enhance resilience. Such individualized approaches would be invaluable given the observed variability in fatigue perception and performance outcomes among participants.
Future research directions include exploring the intricate neurobiological interactions between cold exposure and cognitive load, potentially employing neuroimaging and more extensive biomarker analyses. Understanding the thresholds at which cold transitions from beneficial to detrimental, especially when compounded by mental fatigue, will refine training protocols and recovery regimens. Additionally, expanding sample sizes and incorporating diverse populations, including female athletes and older adults, will shed light on broader applicability.
In conclusion, the Osaka Metropolitan University study underscores the multifactorial nature of endurance performance modulation, emphasizing that mental fatigue coupled with whole-body cooling selectively engages the SAM system, leading to fatigue-induced performance decrements in susceptible individuals. This nuanced insight challenges simplistic assumptions of additive stress impact and beckons a deeper exploration of stress integration within human physiology. As climate variability and extreme environmental conditions become increasingly relevant, such research holds critical value for optimizing human performance and safety.
Subject of Research: People
Article Title: Mental fatigue accompanied by whole‑body surface cooling is associated with the impairment of subsequent endurance exercise performance
News Publication Date: 11-Jul-2025
Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05895-y
References: Published in European Journal of Applied Physiology
Image Credits: Osaka Metropolitan University
Keywords: endurance performance, mental fatigue, cold exposure, Sympathetic Adrenal-Medullary system, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis, Stroop task, physical performance, cold stress, neuroendocrine response, exercise physiology
Tags: effects of cold exposure on exerciseendurance sports performanceimpact of ambient temperature on enduranceinterplay of mental and physical challenges in sportsmental fatigue and athletic endurancemuscle contractility and cold exposureneuroendocrine responses to thermal stressoptimizing performance in extreme conditionsphysiological responses to temperature fluctuationspsychological factors in endurance sportsSympathetic Adrenal-Medullary system in athletesthermoregulatory strain in sports
