A groundbreaking study from MIT has revealed a crucial molecular mechanism that impairs blood vessel integrity in Rett syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. Researchers identified that two prevalent but distinct genetic mutations in the MECP2 gene instigate a cascade of molecular events leading to compromised vascular structures within the developing brain. Central to this pathology is the overexpression of microRNA-126-3p (miRNA-126-3p), a critical regulator of gene expression, whose elevated levels disrupt tight junction formation between endothelial cells, fundamentally undermining the blood-brain barrier’s integrity.
Rett syndrome predominantly affects young girls and typically manifests between two and three years of age, a critical developmental window for cerebral vascularization. The study, recently published in Molecular Psychiatry, encapsulates a detailed exploration of how mutations R306C and R168X in MECP2 result in similar downstream vascular defects, despite their distinct genetic nature. This convergence on miRNA-126-3p overexpression positions vascular dysfunction as a previously underappreciated hallmark in Rett pathology, offering novel insights into the disease’s complex neurobiology.
To dissect the vascular anomalies driven by Rett mutations, the MIT team, led by Research Scientist Tatsuya Osaki and senior investigator Mriganka Sur, utilized state-of-the-art tissue engineering to construct three-dimensional microvascular networks. These networks were generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients harboring the Rett mutations. The iPSCs differentiated into endothelial cells, the key cellular constituents of blood vessels, which self-organized within a gel scaffold, incorporating fibroblasts to mimic the in vivo microenvironment. This microphysiological system was equipped with microfluidic circulation to simulate bloodstream dynamics, allowing precise functional and molecular analyses.
Comparative studies between the Rett mutant cultures and their CRISPR-engineered isogenic controls revealed a marked deficiency in the expression and junctional localization of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), a pivotal tight junction protein. ZO-1 functions analogously to connective grout, sealing intercellular gaps to preserve vessel impermeability. The downregulation of ZO-1 was a unifying feature for both R306C and R168X mutations, providing tangible evidence of barrier compromise. Functional assays demonstrated increased leakage across the mutated endothelial networks, underscoring the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier within the Rett context.
The investigation extended to a more complex ex vivo model incorporating astrocytes, critical components of the neurovascular unit that support blood-brain barrier properties. Even within these enhanced co-cultures, endothelial cells carrying the Rett mutations exhibited compromised barrier function. This finding aligns with a growing consensus that blood-brain barrier disruption contributes not only to Rett syndrome’s neurological deficits but also to other neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, ALS, and frontotemporal dementia.
Delving into the mechanistic underpinnings, the MIT scientists focused on the paradox where MECP2 repression loss did not directly explain the decrease in ZO-1. Since microRNAs are potent post-transcriptional regulators capable of silencing gene expression, they hypothesized that an intermediary miRNA might bridge this gap. Subsequent miRNA profiling and RNA sequencing unequivocally identified miRNA-126-3p as significantly overexpressed in Rett mutant endothelial cells.
To corroborate the causal role of miRNA-126-3p, the researchers applied antisense oligonucleotides specifically designed to reduce its expression in the mutant cultures. This intervention robustly restored ZO-1 levels and substantially improved endothelial barrier integrity, validating the link between miRNA-126-3p dysregulation and vascular leakiness. Restoration of other vascular-related molecular pathways further supported the therapeutic potential of targeting this miRNA axis.
An intriguing translational angle emerges from the availability of miRisten, a pharmacological inhibitor of miRNA-126, currently undergoing clinical trials for leukemia treatment. The MIT group plans to test miRisten in murine models of Rett syndrome to evaluate its efficacy in rescuing vascular and neurological deficits in vivo. Should these trials prove successful, miRNA-126 inhibitors could represent a transformative therapeutic strategy that addresses a fundamental component of Rett syndrome pathology.
This research signifies a paradigm shift in understanding Rett syndrome by positioning vascular dysfunction and microRNA misregulation at the heart of its neurodevelopmental defects. These insights open up promising avenues for therapeutic development beyond the conventional focus on neuronal pathology alone. The identification of vascular compromise also suggests that similar mechanisms might be relevant in other neurological disorders marked by blood-brain barrier breakdown.
The integration of advanced tissue engineering and molecular biology in this study underscores the potential of interdisciplinary approaches to unravel complex disease mechanisms. By harnessing patient-derived stem cells and bioengineered vascular systems, the team achieved an unprecedented window into the microvascular biology of Rett syndrome, setting a new standard for neurovascular research in genetic disorders.
Looking forward, this research not only illuminates pathogenic pathways in Rett syndrome but also elevates the importance of endothelial cell function and intercellular communication in neurodevelopmental health. As the scientific community seeks more effective treatments for Rett and related disorders, targeting microRNA axes may offer a powerful, nuanced strategy to restore vascular and neuronal homeostasis.
The promising findings by Osaki, Sur, and colleagues exemplify the rapid progress in the field of neurogenetics and vascular biology, highlighting the intricate interplay between genetic mutations and microenvironmental factors in brain function. This study marks a major advancement towards unmasking the full spectrum of Rett syndrome’s molecular pathology and offers hope for innovative therapies that may one day improve outcomes for affected individuals.
Subject of Research: Human tissue samples
Article Title: miR126-mediated alteration of vascular integrity in Rett syndrome
News Publication Date: 18-Feb-2026
Web References: DOI: 10.1038/s41380-026-03492-9
Image Credits: Tatsuya Osaki/MIT Picower Institute
Keywords: Neuroscience, Rett syndrome, Neurological disorders, Molecular biology, RNA, MicroRNA, Blood vessels
Tags: 3D microvascular networks from human iPSCscerebral vascularization in early childhood neurodevelopmentendothelial tight junction impairment in Rett syndromeMECP2 gene mutations vascular effectsmicroRNA regulation of blood vessel integritymicroRNA-126-3p overexpression in neurodevelopmental disordersmolecular mechanisms of vascular defects in Rett syndromeneurovascular dysfunction in genetic brain disordersR306C and R168X MECP2 mutation impactRett syndrome blood-brain barrier disruptiontissue
