In a groundbreaking advancement in the realm of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), researchers from Kumamoto University and Nagoya University have unveiled a novel class of materials that transcend conventional two-dimensional limitations, introducing what they term “2.5-dimensional” MOFs. This pioneering innovation leverages triptycene-based molecules as building blocks, yielding structures that simultaneously harness the advantages of two-dimensional frameworks while exhibiting unexpected and robust physical properties along a third spatial dimension. The implications of this discovery ripple across multiple fields, including sensor technology, energy storage, and quantum materials science.
Two-dimensional conductive MOFs have fascinated scientists for their exceptional electron and proton conductivities, along with magnetic behaviors that defy typical three-dimensional crystalline expectations. Despite their promise, persistent hurdles such as the challenge of synthesizing large, defect-free single crystals and the opaque relationship between molecular structure and emergent macroscopic properties have constrained their practical application. This study addresses these barriers head-on by exploring an unconventional molecular architecture that fundamentally alters crystal growth dynamics and interlayer interactions.
Central to this breakthrough is the use of triptycene moieties, which stand apart due to their rigid three-dimensional geometry. Unlike classical flat, planar π-conjugated ligands that expedite rapid crystal growth and proneness to layer stacking, triptycene’s distinctive shape inherently suppresses strong interlayer forces. This restriction slows down crystal growth, allowing researchers to cultivate larger and higher quality single crystals, exceeding sizes necessary for advanced characterization such as single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These larger crystals afford unprecedented precision in correlating atomic-level structure to electronic, magnetic, and proton transport phenomena.
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The synthesis of the new MOFs—designated as Cu₃(TripH₂)₂ and Cu₃(TripMe₂)₂—employs a meticulous slow diffusion method within sealed glass tubes, deliberately eschewing the traditional solvothermal techniques common in MOF synthesis. This controlled approach facilitates slow, steady crystal growth, vital for stabilizing the intricate architectures formed by the triptycene-based linkers and catechol metal-binding groups. The size and purity of these crystals mark a significant stride forward, enabling detailed measurements of anisotropic physical properties that had remained largely inaccessible prior.
One of the most striking revelations arises from the structural analysis of the catechol units coordinating the copper ions. Unlike typical MOFs where deprotonation of coordinating groups is expected, the catechol groups in these new frameworks remain fully protonated. This protonation, confirmed through rigorous experimental validation, fosters an extended network of interlayer hydrogen bonds that stabilize the MOF lattice in the vertical dimension. This paradigm-shifting insight overturns prior assumptions that protonation would undermine electronic functionality, instead revealing a synergistic role in enhancing framework robustness and charge transport.
Transport measurements conducted on these expansive crystals uncovered pronounced anisotropy in both electron and proton conductivities, with substantial enhancement observed along the vertical crystallographic a-axis. This directional preference suggests a cooperative hopping mechanism, where charge carriers and protons transit delicately between the molecular arms of the triptycene units. Such highly directional transport is unprecedented in traditional 2D MOFs and offers a new vista for designing devices that rely on controlled electrical and ionic conduction pathways.
Magnetic characterization further enriches the story, highlighting one-dimensional antiferromagnetic coupling aligned with the a-axis—a phenomenon enabled by the hydrogen bond-bridged protonated groups between layers. These findings sharply contrast with the frustrated, often weakly correlated magnetic interactions typically seen within the in-plane directions of 2D MOFs. The presence of strong interlayer magnetic correlations without continuous covalent bonding redefines our conceptual framework of how magnetism can manifest in low-dimensional materials.
By virtue of these combined electronic, magnetic, and structural findings, the research team advocates for the designation of these materials as “2.5D MOFs.” This terminology aptly captures the hybrid nature of their dimensionality: rooted in two-dimensional frameworks but imbued with significant properties extending into the third dimension through non-covalent interactions. This conceptual leap not only clarifies ambiguities about dimensional classification but also paves the way for more intricate material design strategies where dimensionality itself becomes a tunable parameter.
Professor Zhongyue Zhang, leading the research team at Kumamoto University, emphasizes the transformative potential of this molecular design principle. By selecting a linker molecule with inherent three-dimensional rigidity and unique hydrogen bonding capabilities, the team has transcended long-standing limitations in MOF crystal growth and functional characterization. This achievement crystallizes the profound impact that subtle changes in molecular geometry can have on enabling next-generation materials with tailored anisotropic properties.
The ramifications of this discovery are broad and impactful. In the field of energy storage, the stacked yet protonated frameworks could facilitate rapid ion transport, enhancing the performance and longevity of zinc-ion batteries and other electrochemical devices. Similarly, the sensitive charge and proton transport along preferential axes highlight potential applications in high-performance molecular sensing technologies capable of detecting gases and biomolecules with heightened specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, the unique magnetic features hold promise for quantum information science, where coherent spin interactions and dimensional control are crucial.
Published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society on July 23, 2025, this meticulous study epitomizes how rigorous experimental strategy combined with innovative molecular architecture can unlock new horizons in materials science. The collaboration between Kumamoto and Nagoya Universities underscores the power of cross-institutional research in addressing complex scientific challenges. The team’s approach to overcoming crystallization barriers could inspire a paradigmatic shift in the synthesis of other low-dimensional materials beyond MOFs.
As research into MOFs continues to expand, the concept of 2.5-dimensionality introduced here offers a new lens through which to interpret and engineer physical phenomena. Future explorations may build upon these findings by integrating other functional moieties or pursuing complementary synthetic methods to further manipulate interlayer interactions. Ultimately, this work lays a solid foundation for the rational design of multifunctional materials capable of serving diverse technological roles from sustainable energy to advanced electronics.
In summary, the introduction of triptycene-based 2.5D MOFs represents an elegant convergence of molecular design, crystal engineering, and physical property elucidation. Through the precise control of protonation states, hydrogen bonding networks, and anisotropic transport pathways, this study deepens our understanding of structure–property relationships in MOFs. It heralds a new era where dimensionality transcends simple planar concepts, ushering in sophisticated materials tailor-made for the demands of future functional devices.
Subject of Research: Not applicable
Article Title: Triptycene-Based 2.5-Dimensional Metal−Organic Frameworks: Atomically Accurate Structures and Anisotropic Physical Properties from Hydrogen-Bonding Bridged Protonated Building Units
News Publication Date: 23-Jul-2025
Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c08703
Image Credits: Zhongyue Zhang, Kumamoto University
Keywords
Metal organic frameworks, Crystal structure, Crystallization, Anisotropy, Physical properties
Tags: 2.5-dimensional metal-organic frameworksadvancements in MOF technologyapplications of MOFs in sensor technologychallenges in synthesizing defect-free crystalsenergy storage solutions with MOFsimplications of new MOF designs in various fieldsinnovative crystal growth dynamicsinterlayer interactions in MOF structuresmolecular architecture in material developmentproperties of two-dimensional conductive MOFsquantum materials research advancementstriptycene derivatives in materials science
