Credit: David Marshall, University of Bristol
Researchers from the University of Bristol have revealed how a small feathered dinosaur used its colour patterning, including a bandit mask-like stripe across its eyes, to avoid being detected by its predators and prey.
By reconstructing the likely colour patterning of the Chinese dinosaur Sinosauropteryx, researchers have shown that it had multiple types of camouflage which likely helped it to avoid being eaten in a world full of larger meat-eating dinosaurs, including relatives of the infamous Tyrannosaurus Rex, as well as potentially allowing it to sneak up more easily on its own prey.
Fiann Smithwick from the University's School of Earth Sciences led the work, which has been published today in the journal Current Biology. He said: "Far from all being the lumbering prehistoric grey beasts of past children's books, at least some dinosaurs showed sophisticated colour patterns to hide from and confuse predators, just like today's animals.
"Vision was likely very important in dinosaurs, just like today's birds, and so it is not surprising that they evolved elaborate colour patterns." The colour patterns also allowed the team to identify the likely habitat in which the dinosaur lived 130 million years ago.
The work involved mapping out how dark pigmented feathers were distributed across the body and revealed some distinctive colour patterns.
These colour patterns can also be seen in modern animals where they serve as different types of camouflage.
The patterns include a dark stripe around the eye, or 'bandit mask', which in modern birds helps to hide the eye from would-be predators, and a striped tail that may have been used to confuse both predators and prey.
Senior author, Dr Jakob Vinther, added: "Dinosaurs might be weird in our eyes, but their colour patterns very much resemble modern counterparts.
"They had excellent vision, were fierce predators and would have evolved camouflage patterns like we see in living mammals and birds."
The small dinosaur also showed a 'counter-shaded' pattern with a dark back and light belly; a pattern used by many modern animals to make the body look flatter and less 3D.
This stops animals standing out from their background, making them harder to spot, avoiding detection from would-be predators and potential prey.
Previous work on modern animals, carried out by one of the authors, Bristol's Professor Innes Cuthill, has shown that the precise pattern of countershading relates to the specific environments in which animals live.
Animals living in open habitats, such as savannahs, often have a counter-shaded pattern that goes from dark to light sharply and high on the side of the body, while those living in more closed habitats, like forests, usually change from dark to light much lower and more gradually.
This principal was applied to Sinosauropteryx, and allowed for the reconstruction of its habitat 130 million years ago. The countershading on Sinosauropteryx went from dark to light high on the body, suggesting that it would be more likely to live in open habitats with minimal vegetation.
Behavioural ecologist Professor Cuthill, who was also a co-author of this study, said: "We've shown before that countershading can act as effective camouflage against living predators. It's exciting that we can now use the colours of extinct animals to predict the sort of environment they lived in."
Fiann Smithwick added: "By reconstructing the colour of these long-extinct dinosaurs, we have gained a better understanding of not only how they behaved and possible predator-prey dynamics, but also the environments in which they lived.
"This highlights how palaeocolour reconstructions can tell us things not possible from looking at just the bones of these animals."
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Video Transcript
Revealing what colour dinosaurs were was once thought impossible, but the discovery around a decade ago that some pigments can actually preserve in fossils has allowed us to reconstruct the likely colour patterns of certain dinosaur species. One of the best places to find pigments preserved in dinosaurs is the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of China. Discovered here in the mid 1990s, Sinosauropteryx has feathers preserved that retain remnants of the original pigment that gave the animal its colour in life. This means that we can reconstruct its colour patterns to give a better understanding of how it may have behaved and to tell us more about the environment in which it lived.
One of the colour patterns seen on Sinosauropteryx is that it had a dark back and a light underside. This is a kind of camouflage called 'countershading'.
It works because in the day time sunlight comes from above, meaning that the top surface of an object is illuminated, whilst the underside is shadowed. In seeing this, our brains are able to recognise things as 3D objects. In countershaded animals, the top surface is darker and the lower surface is lighter. This evens out the effect of shadowing, so countershaded animals appear less 3D; a would-be benefit for both predators and prey.
Importantly, lighting conditions vary between different types of habitat. Animals living in open areas with lots of light tend to have a sharp dark to light transition high up on the body, while animals living in closed areas, such as forests, tend have more gradual transitions positioned lower down. This means that we could determine the likely habitat that Sinosauropteryx was living in 130 million years ago based on its pattern of countershading.
To determine in which environment the countershading in Sinosauropteryx would have been most effective, we made 3D models of its body and observed them under varying light conditions. This showed us exactly where shadows would occur in each different habitat. We then compared that to the actual colour patterns seen in the fossils. The countershading transition was abrupt and high up on the body, best-positioned to negate the shadows cast by direct sunlight. We can therefore infer that Sinosauropteryx was best-suited to have lived in an open environment.
With this work we have shown that by looking at palaeocolour, we can start to understand important aspects of the behaviours of extinct animals and also better interpret the long-lost habitats and environments in which they lived.
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