Credit: Lehigh University
The structure of cross-linked polymeric gels is very similar to soft tissue?which is one reason that understanding this material is so critical, according to Kelly Schultz, assistant professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Lehigh University.
Schultz was part of a special session of the American Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE) Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh last month, where she was invited to present her lab's work determining how increasing the concentrations of polymers in solution changes the structure of cross-linked gels. The title of the session was "AIChE Journal Futures: New Directions in Chemical Engineering Research."
Schultz's talk was based on a paper she contributed by invitation to AIChE's inaugural "Futures Issues" designed to highlight the work of early career researchers. The paper, co-authored by her former Ph.D. student, Matthew Wehrman, and four Lehigh undergraduates, is called "Rheological properties and structure of step? and chain?growth gels concentrated above the overlap concentration."
"Increasing the concentration of polymers enables them to interact," says Schultz. "These interactions can change the structure of the material and even potentially weaken it."
Through experiments, she and her team discovered that the structure of cross-linked polymeric gels is independent of concentration, until a limit is reached–called the overlap concentration– which is when the polymers begin to interact. After this limit, the structure is again independent of concentration.
The group's central discovery is that more polymers does not necessarily mean the gel will be more elastic or stiffer.
"This was unexpected," says Schultz. "We thought that there would be a gradual change in the scaffold structure but instead there is a step change when these interactions become high enough."
Identifying this characteristic could be of particular importance for industrial applications as the team's work shows that these cross-linked polymeric gel structures can be achieved with a smaller amount of polymer.
"In other words," says Schultz, "you can get the result you want with the least amount of material."
Schultz's work on this is novel because of how her team looked at scaffolds at high polymer concentrations–or with polymeric interactions. Most studies, she says, stay under the overlap concentration so that polymer interactions do not complicate gelation.
"With this work, chemical engineers may begin to understand how polymeric interactions change gel structure and how these structures can be accessed at relatively low polymer concentrations," says Schultz.
The team used a technique called multiple particle tracking microrheology (MPT) to measure the gelation of these polymeric hydrogel scaffolds. This technique uses video microscopy to capture the thermal motion of embedded probe particles. From the thermal motion they can determine material properties. Using MPT in combination with an analysis technique, time-cure superposition, they were able to determine the gelation time and structure of the material at the gel point, which is when the first sample spanning network cluster forms.
A star continuing to rise
In 2016, Schultz was recognized as one of engineering's rising stars by the prestigious National Academy of Engineering (NAE). NAE nominated Schultz–one of 83 engineers from industry, academia and government selected for the impact of their work–to participate in the NAE's 22nd annual U.S. Frontiers of Engineering (USFOE) symposium.
Last year, she received a National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Award to explore a promising area of biomaterials and cell biology that uses human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) encapsulated in hydrogels to enhance cell motility and, in turn, cell delivery if the scaffold is implanted into a wound.
Schultz's work in this area was recently featured on the cover of Rheology Bulletin (Volume 87 Number 2, July 2018), published semi-annually by the Society of Rheology (SOR).
According to the publication, the cover features, "…brightfield images of a stem cell migrating through a hydrogel, time-averaged. Image is part of research to characterize the rheological properties of the microenvironment that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) engineer into a synthetic hydrogel scaffold. The motile cell appears in the center of the image and dark spots show the movement of probe particles, which are used for microrheological characterization. During motility, the hMSC degrades the material past the gel-sol transition, and probe particles are dragged in the direction of cell motility…"
The research results were published in a paper by Schultz, her graduate student, Maryam Daviran, and an undergraduates, Sarah Longwill and Jonah Casella, in the journal Soft Matter called "Multiple particle tracking microrheology measured using bi-disperse probe diameters."
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