Credit: University of Colorado Cancer Center
Results of phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials of the drug entrectinib in ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presented on the press program of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) 19th World Conference on Lung Cancer show a response rate of 77.4 percent for 53 patients evaluable for response, with median duration of response of 24.6 months. The trial included patients with untreated and treated brain metastases at baseline. In 20 patients (37.7 percent of the total patients enrolled) with central-nervous system involvement, response rate of metastases in the brain was 55 percent. In 30 patients without brain metastasis at baseline, the median time of cancer control (known as progression free survival or PFS) was 26.3 months; in patients who presented with brain metastases at baseline, PFS was 13.6 months.
"The data look very exciting. The hope is that entrectinib could replace crizotinib as a first-line therapy against ROS1-positive NSCLC," says Robert C. Doebele, MD, PhD, director of the University of Colorado Cancer Center Thoracic Oncology Research Initiative and the studies' principal investigator.
Doebele points out that a trial directly comparing crizotinib with entrectinib is not feasible due to the infrequency of ROS1 oncogenes. "You have to be a little careful comparing results across trials," he says. "The problem is that entrectinib and crizotinib trials aren't exactly the same. It's impossible to compare apples-to-apples."
One major difference between crizotinib and entrectinib trials stems from the fact that crizotinib is generally not able to penetrate the brain and central nervous system (CNS), and thus lung cancer patients with untreated or unstable CNS metastases have been excluded from trials of the drug. On the other hand, entrectinib has shown potent CNS activity, and so these patients with unstable CNS involvement at baseline are included on the current trial. Likewise, entrectinib trials have allowed patients whose disease more dramatically impacts their daily living, as assessed by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status.
"This trial includes generally poorer-prognosis patients than in previous trials of ROS1-directed therapies, given the high percentage of patients with brain metastases and the inclusion of patients with an ECOG performance status of two. And yet despite treating a sicker population, entrectinib results remain very competitive with those of previous trials," Doebele says.
In 355 patients treated with entrectinib, including not only lung cancer patients but those with many types of solid tumors, most reported only mild (grade 1 or 2) side effects including fatigue, dizziness, weight increase, nausea, constipation and diarrhea. Thirty-one percent experienced grade 3 side effects, with only 3.9 percent discontinuing treatment due to treatment-related side effects. Based on these results, the study calls entrectinib "tolerable with a manageable safety profile."
"Previous drugs targeting ROS1 such as crizotinib have poor CNS penetration and therefore can allow disease progression in the brain even before the cancer becomes resistant to the drug. For these patients, we've been using targeted radiation and other strategies to try to control brain metastases while continuing to target ROS1 in the body. We are hopeful that entrectinib will help us control many cases of ROS1+ cancer in both the body and the brain," Doebele says.
ROS1 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that acts as a kind of on-off switch for various cell functions; in this case ROS1 is altered to continuously signal cells to improperly grow, spread and survive, making the cells act cancerous. ROS1 rearrangements are found in approximately 1-2 percent of lung cancer patients.
Results are from studies ALKA, STARTRK-1, STARTRK-2 (ClinicalTrials.gov numbers NCT02097810 and NCT02568267). The phase 1 trial is active but not recruiting; the phase 2 trial continues to recruit patients with solid tumors of many types harboring ROS1, ALK, and NTRK gene rearrangements.
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