Most animals have a keen sense of smell, which assists them in everyday tasks. Now, a new study led by researchers at NYU School of Medicine sheds light on exactly how animals follow smells.
Published online in the journal eLife on Aug. 21, the study measured the behavior of fruit flies as they navigated through wind tunnels in response to odor plumes from apple cider vinegar blowing past.
"Our study begins to dissect the brain functions that enable flies to hunt for food by following odors in the real world," says senior study author Katherine Nagel, PhD, an assistant professor in the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology at NYU School of Medicine. "Such insights could have many future applications, from the design of robots that find lost hikers like search dogs, to vehicles that steer themselves based on the combined sensing of odor concentration and wind or water currents."
The new study is the first to come under the auspices of a grant received by Nagel as part of the NIH BRAIN Initiative. Announced by President Obama in 2013, the initiative seeks to develop tools to better understand the organ's functions, as well as the mechanisms behind major neurological diseases.
Vinegar Plumes
Movement toward attractive odors is so basic to life that it occurs in organisms without brains, such as bacteria and plankton, say the study authors. Following odors in turbulent air or water is often difficult, however, because odors travel in plumes, which meander downwind or downstream and break up.
Fruit flies make a good model for studying detection of odors, say the authors, because the tools available to dissect brain circuits in flies are exquisite and because these animals likely share circuit mechanisms with humans thanks to evolution. In the current study, experiments showed that flies faced the wind when they sensed an odor on it, used their antennae to determine its direction, and then ran faster upwind toward the odor.
When they lost track of a smell, they danced around and cast about for where they had last smelled it, their actions for the moment appearing to be driven solely by the loss of odor (rather than wind direction). Based on these recorded movements, the researchers then built a computer model capable of detecting odor sources as well as the flies could detect them, and of moving toward them in similar trajectories. The results suggest that fly brains mix independent sensing of air flow, differences in odor over time, and differences in odor across their antennae to hunt for an odor source.
The researchers say their model captured the process by which sensory signals, like wind felt on antennae and the timing of odor concentration changes, are transformed by brain circuits into changes in forward velocity (walking speed) and angular velocity (turning degree).
"Such sensorimotor transformations in every case begin with a sight, sound, or smell and end with muscle movements," says first study author Efrén Álvarez-Salvado, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in Nagel's lab. "Our work provides the framework for dissecting the neural circuits that generate olfactory navigation using genetic tools."
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Along with Nagel and Álvarez-Salvado, study authors from the Neuroscience Institute at NYU Langone Health were Angela Licata, Benjamin King, and Nicholas Stavropoulos. Also authors were Erin Connor, Margaret McHugh, and John Crimaldi of the Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who designed the turbulent wind tunnels used in the study. Also an author was Jonathan Victor of the Institute for Computational Biomedicine at Weill Cornell Medical College.
The work was supported by National Science Foundation grant IOS-1555933 and PHY-155586, by NIDCD grant R00DC012065, and NIMH grant R01MH109690, and by fellowships from the Klingenstein-Simons, Sloan, and McKnight foundations. Also supporting the work were the Mathers, Whitehall, Alfred P. Sloan, and Leon Levy foundations, a NARSAD Young Investigator Award from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, an NYU Whitehead Fellowship, the J. Christian Gillin, M.D. Research Award from the Sleep Research Society Foundation, and the Irma T. Hirschl/Weill-Caulier Career Scientist Award.
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