Credit: MD Anderson Cancer Center
HOUSTON – Elevated levels of chronic stress hormones, such as those produced by psychological distress, may promote resistance to drugs commonly used to treat lung cancer patients with EGFR mutations, according to new research from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Retrospective analysis of clinical patient data suggests that beta blocker drugs may slow or prevent the development of resistance to EGFR inhibitors.
The research, published today in Science Translational Medicine, used non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and mouse models to discover and validate the pathway by which stress hormones drive resistance to these therapies, known as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
Approximately 160,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with NSCLC each year, and roughly 15,000 have metastatic disease with EGFR mutations, meaning they could benefit from targeted EGFR inhibitors.
For these patients, EGFR inhibitors initially work well, but resistance inevitably develops, explained John V. Heymach, M.D., Ph.D., chair of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology. This resistance is sometimes associated with another EGFR mutation, called T790M, but in other cases the cause is not well understood.
"It is generally accepted that stress is not good for cancer patients, but a cancer diagnosis as well as the necessary treatments can be quite stressful. This data indicates that stress hormones may act directly on tumor cells and promote resistance to therapy," said Heymach, the study's senior author. "The concept that beta blockers, which are well-tolerated and inexpensive, may improve responses to EGFR targeting agents is exciting and should be tested clinically."
Researchers had previously identified a connection between EGFR inhibitor resistance and the immune signaling protein IL-6, which is activated by stress hormones. Therefore, the researchers sought to investigate stress hormone signaling as an alternative mechanism driving resistance to EGFR targeted therapies.
The extensive pre-clinical testing was made possible through infrastructure established by MD Anderson's Moon Shots Program™, a collaborative effort focused on accelerating the development of scientific discoveries into clinical advances that save patients' lives. The Lung Cancer Moon Shot™, co-led by Heymach, has established several pipelines to repurpose existing drugs and perform large-scale drug screening in cancer cell lines.
In cultured cell lines, the researchers modeled resistance to common EGFR TKIs, which led to increased levels of IL-6. Stress hormones, such as epinephrine and nor-epinephrine, could increase IL-6 levels by binding to β2-adrenergic receptors and activating specific signaling pathways, explained Monique B. Nilsson, Ph.D., senior research scientist and the study's lead author.
"This means that the same type of receptors that sense stress in other parts of your body, like in the lung and blood vessels, are also on tumor cells and that stress can "activate" these cancer cells as well," said Nilsson. "Interestingly, the effect of stress hormones on IL-6 induction was most pronounced in NSCLC cells harboring EGFR activating mutations, and our data indicate there is cooperative signaling between mutant EGFR and β2-adrenergic receptors."
In mice with transplanted EGFR mutant tumor cells, chronic stress accelerated tumor growth. Moreover, activation of β2-adrenergic receptors promoted EGFR inhibitor resistance, and this effect could be reversed with beta blockers or IL-6 inhibition.
Based on their pre-clinical data, the researchers performed retrospective analysis of available patient samples and data from each of the phase 3 ZEST, BATTLE and phase 3 LUX-Lung3 trials.
In patients treated with EGFR inhibitors, higher concentrations of IL-6 in pre-treatment plasma samples was associated with significantly worse overall survival (OS) than lower IL-6 levels, 4.8 months and 11.5 months, respectively. Further, patients using beta blockers had lower levels of plasma IL-6 compared with patients not being treated with beta blockers.
For patients in the LUX-Lung3 study, EGFR inhibitor treatment improved progression-free survival (PFS) relative to chemotherapy alone, with a median PFS of 11.1 and 6.9 months, respectively. For those patients who happened to be receiving beta blockers during the study, EGFR inhibitors provided an even greater benefit, with a median PFs of 13.6 months compared to just 2.5 on chemotherapy, corresponding to a 75 percent reduction in the likelihood of progression.
The researchers acknowledge the study was limited in its retrospective analysis of clinical data. While those findings are consistent with data from mouse models and NSCLC cell lines, a prospective randomized study is needed for the highest level of proof and to potentially change the standard of care.
"If beta blockers do truly slow or prevent resistance to EGFR inhibitors, then we may be able to give these patients an oral drug that is well tolerated and only costs a few cents a day, a major benefit for patients and the field," said Heymach.
The researchers are planning prospective studies to investigate the use of beta blockers in treating NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations, and hope to carry out these studies in the next few years.
A full list of co-authors on the study can be found with the paper at Science Translational Medicine.
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The current study was supported by LUNGevity Foundation; Lung SPORE grant 5 P50 CA070907; Lung Cancer Moon Shot Program; NIH CCSG(CA016672); 1R01 CA190628; Hallman Fund; Bruton Endowed Chair in Tumor Biology; Standing Fund for EGFR inhibitor resistance; the Fox Lung EGFR Inhibitor; and the Rexanna Foundation for Fighting Lung Cancer. Additional support was provided through CA109298 and the American Cancer Society Research Professor award.
MD Anderson authors note the following conflicts of interest: Heymach has received honoraria and paid consulting from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim and has received research funding from AstraZeneca.
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