In the enigmatic world of cellular biology, order often arises spontaneously rather than through predetermined blueprints. One of the most fascinating manifestations of this phenomenon is cellular chirality, a form of asymmetry where biological structures display distinct left-right differences that cannot be superimposed on their mirror images. This biological handedness is crucial across numerous physiological processes, governing everything from tissue organization to molecular transport. Yet, the fundamental questions of how such macroscopic asymmetry emerges from microscopic molecular interactions have long stymied scientists.
At the heart of cellular motility and organization lie two critical protein players: actin and myosin. Actin, a globular protein capable of polymerizing into long filaments, forms a dynamic scaffold supporting cell shape and intracellular trafficking. Myosin, conversely, is a diverse superfamily of molecular motors that convert the chemical energy stored in ATP molecules into mechanical force. This conversion powers essential biological functions, including muscle contraction in animals and cytoplasmic streaming in plants. However, the mechanisms through which simple actin-myosin interactions translate into larger-scale, asymmetric cellular patterns, especially without external spatial cues, remain elusive.
Addressing this intriguing knowledge gap, a pioneering team from Chiba University led by Professor Kohji Ito and Dr. Takeshi Haraguchi investigated the emergent properties of actin-myosin systems in simplified, controlled environments. Their focus centered on a remarkable plant-specific myosin known as Chara corallina myosin XI, or CcXI, a notably fast motor protein implicated in intracellular transport. By reconstituting actin filaments and CcXI motors in vitro with ATP, the researchers could directly visualize and analyze the dynamic self-organization of cytoskeletal components without cellular complexity confounding the results.
Their experiments yielded a surprising discovery. Instead of random filament orientations or uniform directional flows typically expected in such active systems, the actin filaments spontaneously coalesced into stable, rotating ring structures. Remarkably, these chiral rings were on the order of a cell’s size and displayed persistent one-directional rotational motion while maintaining spatial fixation. Within these rings, individual filaments remained highly dynamic, continuously moving yet collectively generating macroscopic chiral order.
What underpins this emergent chiral order? Detailed observations indicated that CcXI motors induce a subtle, intrinsic curvature in the trajectories of individual actin filaments. Unlike other myosins that guide filaments along predominantly linear paths, CcXI causes the filaments’ leading tips to veer slightly through successive motor steps, promoting a curved rather than straight movement. At sufficiently high filament densities, this curvature synergizes filament alignment and closure into coherent rings, effectively creating a large-scale chiral structure purely from the properties of individual filament trajectories without any external template or anisotropy.
This physical picture was further validated by computational modeling. Simulations incorporating filament curvature successfully recapitulated the formation and size distribution of the rings observed experimentally. Notably, modulating the curvature parameter allowed tuning of ring dimensions, suggesting that the degree of motor-induced filament bending is a critical control mechanism in cellular cytoskeletal organization. Professor Ito emphasizes that these findings offer a fundamental principle underlying actin filament alignment in living plant cells, illustrating how simple physicochemical interactions at the molecular level propagate into complex, coherent intracellular architectures.
The implications of this study extend well beyond plant cell biology. Understanding how local mechanical forces and geometric constraints translate into global chiral patterns provides insights into developmental biology, tissue engineering, and synthetic biomaterials design. The demonstration that molecular motors can autonomously generate ordered motile structures encourages new paradigms for constructing active materials and nanomachines capable of self-directed movement and organization.
For plant biology specifically, these insights shed light on intracellular trafficking and cytoplasmic streaming—processes critical to growth, nutrient distribution, and response to environmental cues. By elucidating the fundamental principles of actin network self-organization, this research lays groundwork for innovations in agricultural science aimed at optimizing plant health and productivity through molecular-level control.
Moreover, this work underscores the predictive power of simple physical rules governing biological self-organization. The realization that the emergence of cellular chirality is not a mysterious, elusive feature but rather a consequence of defined molecular geometry and motor activity invites reevaluation of other asymmetric phenomena in biology under this framework.
This research exemplifies the synthesis of experimental rigor and theoretical modeling, showcasing how interdisciplinary approaches illuminate the inner workings of life’s complexity. As we continue deciphering nature’s intrinsic design principles, studies like this propel the frontier of cell biology, bioengineering, and materials science, offering promising avenues for technology inspired by biological self-assembly.
For those interested in exploring further, Professor Kohji Ito and Dr. Takeshi Haraguchi’s study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in February 2026, represents a milestone in comprehending molecular motor-induced cellular dynamics. This work not only unravels how plant cells orchestrate their cytoskeleton but also opens exciting possibilities for mimicking these biological strategies in synthetic systems engineered to self-organize and adapt.
Subject of Research:
Not explicitly detailed in the text, but relates to cytoskeletal dynamics involving actin filaments and myosin motor proteins, particularly focusing on the self-organization and chirality in cellular systems.
Article Title:
Elucidating chiral myosin–induced actin dynamics: From single-filament behavior to collective structures
News Publication Date:
3-Feb-2026
Web References:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2508686123
References:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2508686123
Image Credits:
Professor Kohji Ito and Dr. Takeshi Haraguchi from Chiba University, Japan
Keywords:
Life sciences, Actin cytoskeleton, Intermediate filaments, Natural patterns, Asymmetry, Myosins, Proteins, Biomolecules, Plant proteins, Protein functions
Tags: actin filament polymerizationactin-myosin interactionsasymmetric cell pattern formationATP-driven molecular motorsbiophysical modeling of cell motilitycellular chirality mechanismschiral myosin motor functionemergent properties in cell biologyintracellular actin ring dynamicsleft-right cellular asymmetrymolecular basis of cellular asymmetryself-organization of cytoskeleton
