A recent comprehensive investigation conducted by researchers affiliated with the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) and ABC Medical School (FMABC) in Brazil underscores potentially serious consequences tied to the prolonged administration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). This class of pharmaceuticals, including widely used drugs such as omeprazole, pantoprazole, and esomeprazole, is primarily prescribed for gastric disorders. However, this study presents compelling evidence that chronic or inappropriate long-term use of these medications can significantly disrupt mineral nutrient absorption, precipitating critical health issues like anemia and compromised bone integrity.
The study, published in the peer-reviewed journal ACS Omega, delves into the biochemical and physiological ramifications of PPIs on essential mineral bioavailability. The researchers focused on the absorption and distribution of vital minerals including iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium, copper, and potassium. Using a rat model, they meticulously observed how continuous dosing with omeprazole over variable durations—10, 30, and 60 days—effected shifts in mineral concentrations across various biological compartments. Highlighting the urgency of these findings, the study reveals that the drug induces aberrant accumulation of minerals within the stomach and disrupts homeostasis in critical organs like the liver and spleen.
One of the most striking outcomes reported was the notable increase of calcium levels in the bloodstream. Elevated circulating calcium suggests an imbalance whereby calcium is potentially leached from bone matrices, increasing vulnerability to osteoporosis. This is particularly alarming as the depletion of bone mineral density poses long-term risks of fracture and skeletal fragility. Concurrently, the researchers detected decreased iron concentrations in blood samples from treated rats, pointing towards a heightened risk of anemia—a condition that diminishes oxygen transport efficiency and overall physiological resilience.
The biochemical mechanism underlying these effects roots in the PPI mode of action. These drugs act by inhibiting the H⁺, K⁺-ATPase enzyme—also known as the proton pump—which catalyzes the final step in hydrochloric acid secretion within gastric parietal cells. The resultant hypochlorhydria diminishes gastric acidity, effectively alleviating symptoms of acid-related disorders such as ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and gastritis. However, this reduction in acidity concurrently impairs the solubilization and ionization of minerals, many of which require an acidic environment for optimal absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.
Given the widespread and often unsupervised use of PPIs, especially omeprazole’s extensive three-decade presence in the pharmaceutical market, concerns have escalated regarding the trivialization of these drugs as benign remedies for common gastric ailments. The study authors emphasize that casual and prolonged consumption without medical oversight is problematic. Such use patterns not only exacerbate nutrient deficiencies but also undermine immune function, as evidenced by detected alterations in immune cell populations in the investigated animals.
Further compounding the issue is recent regulatory relaxation in Brazil. In 2025, the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) authorized over-the-counter sales of 20mg omeprazole capsules, aiming to enhance rational and responsible use. While this move intends to facilitate access and encourage short-term administration aligned with label recommendations, experts warn it may inadvertently promote self-medication and unsupervised chronic use. The regulatory framework stipulates treatment durations should be limited to 14 days without medical consultation, but enforcement and consumer behavior remain key variables.
The research also draws attention to the pharmacodynamics of newer generation PPIs like pantoprazole and esomeprazole. These molecules exhibit more potent and prolonged suppression of proton pump activity compared to omeprazole, with pharmacokinetic profiles indicating extended durations of acid suppression that can last well beyond five days. Such prolonged action can potentiate adverse effects on mineral absorption and exacerbate nutrient deficiencies, highlighting a critical need for cautious prescription and monitoring.
Adding novelty to existing knowledge, this study is among the first to comprehensively analyze the impact of PPIs on a broader spectrum of minerals, including magnesium and zinc—both crucial cofactors in enzymatic activity, immune regulation, and bone metabolism. The mineral imbalances noted in the study suggest that clinicians should consider evaluating mineral status and possibly recommend supplementation when prescribing long-term PPI therapy, always weighing benefits against risks.
Researchers strongly advocate for the rational use of PPIs, underscoring the importance of tailored medical guidance. They stress that no medication is risk-free, and the absence of acid in the stomach, albeit therapeutically advantageous in some contexts, inherently disrupts natural digestive and absorptive processes. Importantly, the investigative team calls for extended longitudinal studies to validate the causal link between elevated blood calcium levels and osteoporosis development, seeking to unravel the intricate relationship between drug-induced hypochlorhydria and skeletal health.
This Brazilian study, supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), contributes a pivotal piece to the growing puzzle of PPI-associated side effects. By elucidating the complex mineral distribution disturbances induced by these widely administered drugs, it paves the path for a more cautious, evidence-based approach to their clinical use. Healthcare providers and patients alike are urged to remain vigilant about the potential long-term nutritional consequences of PPIs, particularly in contexts where these medications are used indiscriminately or beyond recommended durations.
In conclusion, while proton pump inhibitors remain indispensable tools in the management of gastric acid-related conditions, their capacity to impair mineral metabolism and pose risks to bone and blood health cannot be overlooked. This study serves as a clarion call to both the medical community and regulatory bodies: the therapeutic efficacy of PPIs must be balanced with a keen awareness of their systemic impacts, advocating for prudent prescription practices, patient education, and ongoing research into safer pharmacological alternatives.
Subject of Research: Long-term administration of proton pump inhibitors and their effects on mineral nutrient bioavailability and distribution.
Article Title: Evaluation of the Long-Term Administration of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in the Mineral Nutrient’s Bioavailability
News Publication Date: 12-Nov-2025
Web References:
ACS Omega article
FAPESP funding information
References: Article published in ACS Omega, 12 November 2025, supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo.
Keywords: Pharmaceuticals, Nutrition, Osteoporosis, Gastric acid
Tags: anemia and bone integrity concernsbiochemical effects of PPIschronic medication consequencesessential minerals affected by omeprazolegastric disorder treatmentshealth issues linked to PPIshomeostasis disruption by PPIslong-term use of omeprazolemineral nutrient absorption disruptionnutritional risks of proton pump inhibitorspeer-reviewed research on drug safetyrat model study on drug effects
