In a groundbreaking advancement at the intersection of enzymology and synthetic chemistry, researchers have unveiled a pioneering photobiocatalytic cascade approach that dramatically enhances the stereoselective synthesis of unnatural prolines—complex amino acid derivatives with significant implications in pharmaceutical and material sciences. This innovative strategy bridges the gap between natural enzymatic pathways and engineered radical reactions, achieving molecular architectures previously deemed inaccessible by conventional biological or chemical means.
The intricate synthesis of cyclic non-canonical amino acids, especially those bearing multiple stereocenters, has long posed formidable challenges in organic chemistry. Traditional synthetic methods often fall short due to limited control over stereochemistry and the instability of reactive intermediates. Addressing these hurdles, the newly reported methodology leverages a tandem enzymatic process activated through photochemical means, thereby orchestrating precise radical-mediated bond formations with remarkable stereocontrol. This convergence of light-driven catalysis and enzyme engineering heralds a paradigm shift in biocatalytic synthesis.
At the heart of this transformative cascade lies a sophisticated engineering of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent aldolases, enzymes traditionally underexplored for their radical chemistry potential. These biocatalysts are repurposed as novel radical carboligases, catalyzing the decarboxylative carbon-carbon coupling of aspartic acid substrates. This step introduces a radical mechanism which generates imine-containing azacyclic frameworks, setting the stage for subsequent stereoselective transformations. The authors’ insightful exploitation of this open-shell enamine catalysis represents an unprecedented mode in radical pyridoxal enzymology, opening frontiers in enzyme-mediated radical chemistry.
Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) enzymes have historically been associated with polar reaction mechanisms centered around stabilized carbanion intermediates. Harnessing these biological catalysts to engage radical intermediates challenges classical paradigms yet offers unparalleled selectivity and efficiency. The engineering efforts described enable these aldolases not only to tolerate but to actively foster radical species under photochemical activation, thus catalyzing highly selective carbon–carbon bond formations that are mechanistically akin to free radical carboligation.
Complementing this radical carboligation step is a highly selective reduction of cyclic imine intermediates, a process essential for obtaining optically pure unnatural prolines. Through an extensive high-throughput screening campaign of metagenomic imine reductases, the researchers identified and optimized enzymes capable of diastereoselective reduction combined with dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT). This dual catalytic functionality ensures the final proline products feature a rare 2,5-anti stereochemical arrangement, a structural motif containing up to three distinct stereocenters that is notoriously difficult to synthesize with high fidelity.
The photobiocatalytic cascade ingeniously integrates light as a clean and controllable energy input, enabling radical generation within a biologically compatible environment. This synergy between photoactivation and enzymatic catalysis circumvents the harsh conditions often necessitated in radical chemistry, such as high temperatures or metal reagents, thereby expanding the repertoire of accessible chiral amine compounds under mild, sustainable conditions. Such a combination offers not only synthetic utility but a sustainable blueprint for future synthetic methodologies.
Beyond the synthetic achievements, this study fundamentally redefines the conceptual framework of pyridoxal enzyme chemistry. By demonstrating the feasibility of manipulating open-shell radical intermediates within the active sites of PLP-dependent enzymes, the research opens up previously impossible avenues for biocatalytic innovation. This paradigm poses exciting opportunities for discovering and engineering new enzymes capable of diverse radical transformations, broadening the functional landscape of biocatalysis significantly.
The potential applications of this photobiocatalytic platform extend into drug discovery and development, where stereochemically complex non-canonical amino acids serve as critical components in peptidomimetics, pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials. The ability to access unnatural prolines with exquisite stereochemical control may facilitate the creation of novel bioactive molecules with enhanced potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, thereby accelerating medicinal chemistry pipelines.
Crucial to the success of this approach was the implementation of high-throughput enzyme screening, made possible through metagenomic exploration. Mining nature’s vast enzymatic diversity allowed the identification of imine reductases capable of high-fidelity reduction and adaptive stereocontrol. This metagenomic strategy exemplifies a forward-looking approach in enzyme discovery, coupling genetic diversity with rational screening to harness tailored reactivities absent in common model organisms.
The researchers’ photobiocatalytic cascade also benefits from the inherent modularity of enzymatic systems. This modularity allows for future expansion, whereby enzymes catalyzing different forms of radical or polar transformations can be integrated into multi-step cascades. Such adaptability underscores the versatility of photobiocatalysis as a tool for constructing complex molecules with precision and efficiency unmatched by synthetic chemistry alone.
Another remarkable aspect lies in the preservation of enzyme activity under photochemical conditions. Typically, enzymes display sensitivity to light-induced damage or radical species; however, through thoughtful protein engineering and reaction condition optimization, the team successfully maintained enzyme stability and activity. This finding bolsters confidence that photobiocatalytic systems can be robustly designed for a broad spectrum of radical-mediated synthetic applications without compromising enzyme longevity.
The radical carboligation step facilitated by the engineered pyridoxal aldolase not only creates new C–C bonds but also precisely installs cyclic imine functionalities, serving as crucial intermediates for downstream stereoselective reductions. This elegant cascade mimics, in a synthetic context, complex biosynthetic pathways, illustrating how natural catalytic principles can be repurposed to forge structurally intricate molecules upon demand.
Moreover, the dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) enabled by the chosen imine reductases exemplifies how enzyme catalysis can couple enantio- and diastereoselectivity with kinetic resolution, refining product stereochemistry beyond classical catalytic limits. Such sophisticated control mechanisms highlight the profound advantages of combining enzyme catalysis with radical chemistry in a single integrated system.
Taken together, this study represents a landmark in synthetic enzymology and radical catalysis. By marrying open-shell radical intermediates with stereocontrolled bioactive molecule synthesis, the authors boldly chart a new course for chemical synthesis—one propelled by the sustainable attributes of enzymology and the precision of photochemical control. Their multienzyme photobiocatalytic cascade serves as a blueprint for future endeavors to develop novel free radical reactions tailored by nature’s own catalysts.
The implications of this discovery reach well beyond the laboratory bench. By enabling the stereoselective construction of unnatural prolines with high structural complexity, this technology paves the way for innovations in therapeutic development, biomaterials, and chemical biology. As efforts continue to engineer new enzymes and expand reaction scope, photobiocatalytic cascades may soon become a cornerstone of green chemistry and sustainable pharmaceutical manufacturing.
In conclusion, the elegant orchestration of a pyridoxal radical carboligase together with an imine reductase within a photobiocatalytic cascade exemplifies the power of interdisciplinary innovation. This approach marries the unique catalytic capabilities of enzymes with the controllability of photochemistry to access molecules that defy traditional synthetic paradigms. As the field advances, such strategies are set to revolutionize how chemists synthesize complex molecules, marking a vibrant frontier in the ongoing convergence of biology, chemistry, and light-driven catalysis.
Subject of Research:
The study explores the engineering of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent enzymes and imine reductases in a photobiocatalytic cascade to achieve stereoselective radical-mediated synthesis of unnatural cyclic prolines, emphasizing enzyme-mediated radical chemistry and stereocontrolled organic synthesis.
Article Title:
A pyridoxal radical carboligase and imine reductase photobiocatalytic cascade for stereoselective synthesis of unnatural prolines.
Article References:
Zhang, C., Zhou, J., Mai, B.K. et al. A pyridoxal radical carboligase and imine reductase photobiocatalytic cascade for stereoselective synthesis of unnatural prolines. Nat. Chem. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-025-01937-2
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Tags: azacyclic frameworksbiocatalytic synthesischemical engineeringenzyme catalysisnon-canonical amino acidsphotobiocatalytic cascadepyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent aldolasesradical reactionsstereochemistry controlstereoselective synthesisunnatural prolines
