A teamwork to evaluate the influence of the cathode catalyst layer platinum loading on the durability of PEMFC

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) hold promise as a replacement for fossil fueled engines in heavy-duty vehicles. Reducing the platinum content in catalysts is pivotal for scaling up in such applications. Yet, the degradation patterns of low platinum content catalysts remain poorly understood. A team of scientists conducted experiments to shed light on the degradation mechanisms associated with varying catalyst content, offering valuable insights. Their work is published in the journal Industrial Chemistry & Materials on 11 Aug 2023.

In the field of heavy-duty vehicles, the PEMFC is a technology that will make it possible to replace the use of fossil fuels. However, there is an obstacle to the development of this technology, the use of platinum as a catalyst. Platinum is a rare and costly metal, impeding the commercialization of this technology, so it is necessary to reduce the amount used in the PEMFC electrodes.

Four different platinum loadings (0.05 up to 0.3 mg_Pt cm^-2) of the cathode catalyst layer were used to study the durability of PEMFC electrode-membrane assemblies. This study was based on a multiple stressor accelerated stress test targeting the membrane and the electrodes. It was divided into two parts: first, the analysis of the membrane electrodes assemblies durability using a segmented cell during accelerated stress test, then physicochemical characterizations of the aged materials: transmission electron microscopy (TEM), grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), cross-section scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy.

In terms of initial performance, low-Pt loading (≤ 0.1 mg_Pt cm^-2) cathodes exhibit lower oxygen reduction activity than “usual loading MEAs” (≥ 0.2 mg_Pt cm^-2), being hindered by their low Pt content in the low current density (activation) region and adverse oxygen and proton transport resistance in the high current density (mass-transport) region. However, it turned out that the mechanisms of Pt/C degradation are not depending on the cathode Pt loading for the chosen AST, though the initial degradations are faster for the lowest cathode Pt loadings, an evident drawback in terms of targeted lifetime.

The next step of this work is evidently to (i) mitigate the large mass-transport limitations that hinder low-loaded PEMFC cathodes and (ii) to enhance their durability.

This work was done within two academic laboratories (LEMTA and LEPMI) and one research center (CEA). The research team of these three include William Aït Idir, Peizhe Wu, Julia Mainka, Jérôme Dillet and Olivier Lottin from LEMTA; Ricardo Sgarbi, Quentin Labarde, Michel Mermoux and Marian Chatenet from LEPMI; and Clémence Marty and Fabrice Micoud from CEA.

The European project ALPE (grant EIT/RAW MATERIALS/SGA2020/1), the PEMFC95 project, funded by the “France 2030” government investment plan managed by the French National Research Agency (grant ANR-22-PEHY-0005) the Centre of Excellence of Multifunctional Architectured Materials “CEMAM”, Grenoble France (grant ANR-10-LABX-44–01) contributed to the funding of this research.

Industrial Chemistry & Materials is a peer-reviewed interdisciplinary academic journal published by Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) with APCs currently waived. Icm publishes significant innovative research and major technological breakthroughs in all aspects of industrial chemistry and materials, especially the important innovation of the low-carbon chemical industry, energy, and functional materials.