Credit: Credit: DESY/Eberhard Reimann
A Swedish-German team of researchers has cleared up a key process for the artificial production of silk. With the help of the intense X-rays from DESY's research light source PETRA III, the scientists could watch just how small protein pieces, called nanofibrils, lock together to form a fibre. Surprisingly, the best fibres are not formed by the longest protein pieces. Instead, the strongest "silk" is won from protein nanofibrils with seemingly less quality, as the team around Dr. Christofer Lendel and Dr. Fredrik Lundell from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm reports in the Proceedings of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
Due to its many remarkable characteristics, silk is a material high in demand in many areas. It is lightweight, yet stronger than some metals, and can be extremely elastic. Currently, silk is harvested from farmed silkworms, which is quite costly. "Across the globe, many research teams are working on methods to artificially produce silk," says co-author Prof. Stephan Roth from DESY who is an adjunct professor at KTH Stockholm. "Such artificial materials can also be modified to have new, tailor-made characteristics and can serve for applications like novel biosensors or self-dissolving wound dressings, for example."
However, imitating nature proved especially hard in the case of silk. The Swedish team focuses on self-assembling materials. "That's a quite simple process," explains Lundell. "Some proteins assemble themselves into nanofibrils under the right conditions. A carrier fluid with these protein nanofibrils is then pumped through a small canal. Additional water enters perpendicular from the sides and squeezes the fibrils together until they stick together and form a fibre." The latter process is called hydrodynamic focussing, and Lundell's team has used it before for producing artificial wood fibres from cellulose fibrils. "In fact, the process has several similarities with the way spiders produce their silk threads," says Lendel.
In the new study, the nanofibrils were formed by a protein from cow's whey under the influence of heat and acid. The fibrils shape and characteristics strongly depend on the protein concentration in the solution. At less than four per cent, long, straight and thick fibrils form. They can be up to 2000 nanometres long and 4 to 7 nanometres thick. But at an only slightly higher protein concentration of six per cent or more in the initial solution, the fibrils remain much shorter and thinner with an average length of just 40 nanometres and a thickness of 2 to 3 nanometres. Also, they are curved looking like tiny worms and 15 to 25 times softer than the long, straight fibrils.
In the lab, however, the short and curved fibrils formed much better fibres than the long and straight fibrils. With DESY's bright X-ray light, the researchers could find out why: "The curved nanofibrils lock together much better than the straight ones. The X-ray diffraction patterns show that they largely keep their rather random orientation in the final fibre," says Roth, head of the beamline P03 at PETRA III where the experiments took place.
"The strongest fibres form when a sufficient balance between ordered nanostructure and fibril entanglement is kept," adds Lendel. "Natural silk is an even more complex structure with evolutionary optimized proteins that assemble in a way with both, highly ordered regions – so-called beta-sheet – that give strength and regions with low order that give flexibility. However, the structures of the artificial and natural fibers are essentially different. In particular, the protein chains in natural silk have a larger number of intermolecular interactions that cross-link the proteins and result in a stronger fiber."
In their experiments, the researchers obtained artificial silk fibres that were roughly five millimetres long and of medium quality. "We used the whey protein to understand the underlying principle in detail. The whole process can now be optimised to obtain fibres with better or new, tailor-made properties," says Lendel. This way, the results of the study could help to develop materials with novel features, for example artificial tissue for medical applications.
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY is the leading German accelerator centre and one of the leading in the world. DESY is a member of the Helmholtz Association and receives its funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (90 per cent) and the German federal states of Hamburg and Brandenburg (10 per cent). At its locations in Hamburg and Zeuthen near Berlin, DESY develops, builds and operates large particle accelerators, and uses them to investigate the structure of matter. DESY's combination of photon science and particle physics is unique in Europe.
Reference
Flow-assisted assembly of nanostructured protein microfibers; Ayaka Kamada, Nitesh Mittal, L. Daniel Söderberg, Tobias Ingverud, Wiebke Ohm, Stephan Roth, Fredrik Lundell, Christofer Lendel; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 2017; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617260114
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