Muscling through: Linking muscle and joint stiffness of the lower human limbs

Joint flexibility is an important measure of physical fitness in humans, especially when it comes to determining athletic performance. It is responsible for protecting the muscle-tendon unit under stressful conditions by resisting external forces for long periods of time and ensuring a wider range of motion (RoM) of the joints. Joint stiffness of the lower limbs can, therefore, negatively influence body fitness, resulting in increased risk of falls and sports injuries. Stiffness of the muscle tissue are thought to influence the stiffness of the joints they are in contact with. However, this association has not been fully explored, especially in the case of calf muscles (triceps surae) and the ankle joint found in the lower limbs in humans.

To this address this knowledge gap, a research team comprising Professor Ryota Akagi from Shibaura Institute of Technology and Dr. Kosuke Hirata from the Faculty of Sport Sciences at Waseda University, both in Japan, studied the age-related association between stiffness in triceps surae and passive stiffness of the ankle joint. Their study was published in the journal Frontiers in Physiology on 05 September 2022. “Understanding this association can help improve joint flexibility, improve athletic performance, reduce the risk of injuries during sports and/or daily living activities, and improve the overall quality of life in older people,” say Dr. Akagi and Dr. Hirata, explaining the motivation behind the study.

To achieve this, a study population of 40 young (21–24 years) and old (62–83 years) adult males were recruited. The ultrasound shear-wave elastography technique was employed to measure the muscle shear modulus (which is indicative of muscle stiffness) of the muscles comprising the triceps surae, namely the medial [MG], lateral gastrocnemius [LG], and soleus [Sol] muscles. The values were recorded for each subject with their knees fully extended at the ankle neutral position (NP) and the 15° dorsiflexed position (DF15) where the ankle is bent towards the body.

The passive stiffness of the ankle joint was estimated from the slope of the curve formed by passive torque-joint angle (resulting from passive/involuntary ankle dorsiflexion) for NP and DF15 and then normalized by the body mass. To assess muscular relaxation during joint stiffness measurement, the electromyographic (EMG) activity for MG, LG, and Sol of the triceps surae was recorded. A statistical analysis of the data was then performed to establish the link between absolute, normalized ankle joint stiffness, and muscle shear modulus.

The analyses showed that absolute ankle joint stiffness at the DF15 was significantly associated with muscle shear modulus in young participants, but not in older participants, whereas at the NP, there was no such association for either group. The normalized ankle joint stiffness at DF15 was also significantly associated with muscle shear modulus of all muscles in the triceps surae in both groups, whereas it was only associated with MG and LG for both groups at the NP. Explaining the consequence of these findings, Dr. Akagi and Dr. Hirata state, “Our results show that the stiffness of the entire triceps surae, even Sol, which is the most compliant muscle found between the triceps surae, affects passive ankle joint stiffness, especially when the triceps surae is dorsiflexed and normalized by body mass.”

The researchers found that there was no age-related influence on passive joint stiffness. However, the muscle shear modulus of the triceps surae was notably higher at the NP in the young group compared to the older group. On the other hand, no significant difference was recorded between these groups at DF15.

These results support the team’s hypothesis that joint stiffness results from a combination of mechanical resistance of several tissues that cross the ankle joint. The researchers, thus, suggest that manipulating the mechanical properties of the triceps surae through exercises that relieve its stiffness can positively influence ankle joint flexibility. Speaking about the significance of their results, Dr. Akagi concludes, “Our findings could help curate effective exercise programs to improve joint flexibility of athletes and old people suffering from weak joints.”

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Reference

DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.972755

About Shibaura Institute of Technology (SIT), Japan
Shibaura Institute of Technology (SIT) is a private university with campuses in Tokyo and Saitama. Since the establishment of its predecessor, Tokyo Higher School of Industry and Commerce, in 1927, it has maintained “learning through practice” as its philosophy in the education of engineers. SIT was the only private science and engineering university selected for the Top Global University Project sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and will receive support from the ministry for 10 years starting from the 2014 academic year. Its motto, “Nurturing engineers who learn from society and contribute to society,” reflects its mission of fostering scientists and engineers who can contribute to the sustainable growth of the world by exposing their over 8,000 students to culturally diverse environments, where they learn to cope, collaborate, and relate with fellow students from around the world.

Website: https://www.shibaura-it.ac.jp/en/

About Professor Ryota Akagi from SIT, Japan
Ryota Akagi presently serves as a Professor for the Department of Life Sciences at the Faculty of Systems Science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology (SIT) in Saitama, Japan. Dr. Akagi has held other notable positions over the course of his career from holding a visiting researcher position at RIKEN, Japan to serving as a visiting Associate professor for the University of Guelph, Canada. He holds a PhD in Sports Science from Waseda University, Japan, and has over 78 publications to his credit. His research focus primarily involves muscle mechanics, exercise physiology, resistance training, biomechanics and sport sciences.

Funding Information
This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (grant number: JP22H03472).