The National Institutes of Health has launched a major effort to discover and catalog the brain's "parts list." The NIH's Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies® (BRAIN) Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) aims to provide researchers with a comprehensive reference of the diverse cell types in human, monkey, and mouse brain. A network of integrated centers, collaborating laboratories, and data resources will be funded by 11 grants projected to total about $50 million annually over five years. All data will be shared with the research community.
"Before we can fully understand how our brains work, we need to understand how the parts work," said NIH Director Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D. "Making molecular, anatomical, and functional data about brain cells available to the broad research community will speed our understanding of how cells and circuits are organized, revealing the rules of communication within the world's most complex known organ."
An early goal of the NIH BRAIN Initiative, the BICCN will generate knowledge that is prerequisite to solving the mysteries of brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder. Relatively little is known about the different types of cells in the brain and what they do – much less about how they change in illness. New evidence points to potentially important roles in often overlooked cell types, such as support cells. In a related initiative, NIH recently awarded prizes to incentivize innovation in unearthing secrets of single cells.
"Exciting technological advances now allow us to identify unique markers that define the many different cell types that make up the brain," explained Joshua A. Gordon, M.D., Ph.D., director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), which is helping lead the effort. "These markers hold the clues to the organizational logic underlying neural circuits – the regulatory code that controls brain cell type formation, maintenance, and function in health and disease."
For example, in a pilot phase of the project, investigators using a new experimental approach discovered a trove of neuron subtypes and gene regulators, based on their unique profiles of molecular switches controlling gene expression within each cell. Another BRAIN Initiative-funded team recently reported identifying such molecular signatures differentiating neurons based on their synaptic communication patterns.
Building on results of 10 such BRAIN Initiative-funded pilot studies begun in 2014, the BICCN will create a comprehensive 3-D common reference mouse brain cell atlas that integrates molecular, anatomical, and physiological properties of brain cell types. It will also begin the challenging task of generating reference brain cell atlases from postmortem healthy adult human and/or non-human primate brain samples. It will hone cutting-edge molecular genetics methods for rapidly characterizing and targeting specific cell types.
The nine new grants support four BICCN components:
Brain Cell Data Center
A Community Resource for Single Cell Data on the Brain
Mouse Brain Cell Census Center
A Comprehensive Center for Mouse Brain Cell Atlas
A Comprehensive Whole-Brain Atlas of Cell Types in the Mouse
Center for Epigenomics of the Mouse Brain Atlas
Mouse Brain Cell Census Collaboratory
Collaboratory for atlasing cell type anatomy in the female and male mouse brain
Anatomical characterization of neuronal cell types of the mouse brain)
Human and Nonhuman Primate Brain Cell Census Collaboratory
A cellular resolution census of the developing human brain
A multimodal atlas of human brain cell types
A molecular and cellular atlas of the marmoset brain
In addition to the above exclusively BICCN components, grants for a separate BRAIN Initiative data archive will provide the research community with access to raw data (as distinct from derived data).
A confocal fluorescence microscopy brain data archive
A BRAIN Initiative resource: The neuroscience multi-omic data archive
BICCN is part of a larger rollout of 110 BRAIN Initiative grants awarded in FY2017.
For more information, see: NIH BRAIN Initiative Builds on Early Advances
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About the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH): The mission of the NIMH is to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery and cure. For more information, visit http://www.nimh.nih.gov.
About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.
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https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2017/nih-brain-initiative-launches-cell-census.shtml
